La Ithiyori yeenkqubo ngokubanzi yindlela yemethodical efuna ukwenza ukumelwa kokwenyani ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi yombutho. Ivumela ukuvuselela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi. Funda ngakumbi ngalo mbandela ngokufunda inqaku elilandelayo.
Ithiyori yeenkqubo ngokubanzi
Le nkcazo-bungcali iqulathe uphononongo lweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo nganye ngokubanzi. Injongo yalo kukufunda ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo esisiseko kwiinkqubo kuyo nayiphi na indawo ukuze ufumane iifom zangempela kwaye uzilungelelanise kwiingcamango ezisekelwe.
Umxholo
Ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-TGS, ichazwa njengoluhlobo lweenkqubo ngaphandle kwemida apho idibanisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo ngokuzimeleyo, ukutolika ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo isamba sazo zonke iiyunithi sikhulu kunoko kwamalungu ayo. Le ngcamango inokwandiswa ngezihloko ezinxulumeneyo ezifana naleyo uya kuyifumana kwikhonkco elilandelayo iindlela ezikhawulezayo
Ithiyori ngokubanzi yeenkqubo ixhomekeke kutshintsho apho ukuba inxalenye yayo iguqulwe, kwelinye icala, yonke enye into iguqulwa. Konke oku kufunwa ukulungelelanisa i-dynamics kunye neemeko zenkqubo ethile, ukuguqula imigaqo enokuthi ihlalutywe kwaye isetyenziswe kwezinye iinkqubo.
Umvelaphi
Imigaqo yethiyori yazalwa kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, kunokuthiwa phakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, kodwa yayinencopho yayo kunye nokuzimisela okukhulu kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Abanye bayigqala njengenzululwazi esesikweni ngenxa yeengcamango eziphakanyiswe sisazi ngebhayoloji uLudwig von Bertalanffi.
Esi sazinzulu esaziwayo sacebisa ukufumana impendulo yenzululwazi kwisenzeko sobomi nangokusekelwe kwimigaqo ka-Aristotle. Wathi yonke into inento yokwenza nayo yonke into. Ngexesha leminyaka yee-50 umphandi ogama linguJulian Huxley waqalisa ukuphuhlisa ithiyori esekelwe kwinguqulelo yale mihla.
Kule thiyori, ucebise imigaqo malunga nendlela iinkqubo ezidityaniswa ngayo ngeendlela ezithile ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwabanye ngokuthe ngqo. Kwangaxeshanye, izazinzulu uFrancis Crick noJames Watson babesenza umsebenzi onxulumene nemolekyuli yeDNA.
Izazinzulu ziye zafuna oku ukuze zinike injongo yobomi ngokusekelwe kuhlolisiso olucwangcisiweyo lomfuziselo ocetywayo kwiDNA. Nangona kunjalo, uBertalanffi uthi iinkqubo, nokuba yiyiphi imvelaphi yazo, zizimisele kwaye zixhomekeke kwabanye, ngoko wathi "Yonke ingaphezulu kwenani leenxalenye zayo"
Isakhelo sethiyori
Ngokutsho kukaBertalanffi, yonke isiseko sendalo kunye nenxalenye yayo nganye, apho inxalenye nganye ayinakuqondwa ukuba ihlalutye yodwa kulo lonke. Kwi-Bertalanffi amalungu aguquguqukayo anxibelelana kwaye anokuxhomekeka kakhulu.
Okwangoku, ithiyori yeenkqubo jikelele luhlobo olungaziwayo olungekakwazi ukuphendula imibuzo emininzi kwisayensi. Ngaphandle koku, yenye yezona thiyori zinomdla izazinzulu ezijongene nazo namhlanje.
UBertalanffi, owayethathwa ngokuba nguyise wesidalwa, wazama ngazo zonke iindlela ukucacisa iimbono ezisisiseko zale ngcamango, eyayingekaqondwa kwabaninzi. Isazinzulu siphakamisa ukuqonda le thiyori isekelwe ekuthatheni njengomzekelo ilungu ngalinye lomzimba womntu kunye nendlela ukuguqulwa kwenkqubo ethile kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwayo ngokubanzi.
Kwakhona kwaphakamisa indlela yokujonga inkqubo nganye yomzimba womntu ngokuzimeleyo kwaye ngokwahlukileyo, nangona kunjalo kubonwa ukuba ngamnye uxhomekeke kwelinye, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo enye kunokuchaphazela ukusebenza komnye. Kuthetha ukuba akukho nto izimeleyo.
Ngokwalo mzekelo, isazinzulu sichaza oku kulandelayo: Kwenzeka into efanayo kwiplanethi, xa nayiphi na inkqubo yendalo okanye edalwe ngumntu inxibelelene nabanye, ukuze ukusebenza okuphosakeleyo kuchaphazele zonke ezinye iinkqubo.
Ifomula yayo yonke into
Iingcamango zikaBertalanffi zamkelwa kwaye zahlalutywa ngoogxa bakhe abaninzi. Zikwamkelwe kwaye zaxatyiswa luluntu lophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nethiyori. Ukuqonda ithiyori kuvumela abanye abacinga ukuba baphuhlise uhlalutyo kunye neekhonsepthi ezibophelelayo kwezinye iindawo.
Kwandula ke kwagqitywa ukuba ngokweendlela zikaBertalanffi, ukuze uqonde ukusebenza komzimba, kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya ukusebenza kwendawo nganye, ngokusekelwe kule nto, indima edlalwa yinkqubo yonke iya kwaziwa.
Ukuba indlela kaBertalanffi xa ithatha umzekelo weenkqubo ezenza umzimba womntu, iinkcazo ezifanayo ziyakwazi ukulungelelaniswa kwezinye iinkqubo njengentlangano yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ithiyori yenkqubo ngokubanzi ithi akukho nto kwindalo iphela emi ndawonye, yonke into ihamba ngentshukumo.
Oku kuvumela uqhagamshelwano phakathi kweenkqubo ukuba lusekwe ngokuthe ngqo nangokungathanga ngqo. Ubudlelwane obahlukeneyo kunye noqhagamshelo olwenzeka phakathi kwabo ngalinye, luvumela ingxelo kwaye lukhule ngokucothayo nangokuthe ngcembe. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba oku kukhula kunye nokunxibelelana kuncinci kangangokuba akubonakali kumntu.
Ukongeza, inkqubo yokufunda eqhubekayo iyandululwa ngenene efuna ukunika igalelo kunye neziphumo kwinkqubo nganye yokudala uzinzo kuzo. Ngale ndlela iimpawu ezithile kunye neempawu zinokuqondwa kwimibutho emininzi. UBertalanffi ucacisa indlela yokudibanisa kunye nokucacisa iinkqubo zentlangano.
Ithiyori ivumele ukuqonda kwinqanaba lalo naluphi na uhlobo lombutho ukuba izenzo zinokudityaniswa njani kusetyenziswa iindlela ezithile ezisekelwe kwimigaqo yethiyori yeenkqubo ngokubanzi. Iikhonsepthi ke zisekwe apho inkqubo engaphantsi yombutho.
Umgaqo-siseko wethiyori ngokubanzi yeenkqubo nawo uphakamisa iziganeko ezenzeka phakathi kwegalelo kunye nesiphumo senkqubo engaphantsi kunye neyunithi. Ukuze ibandakanye undoqo wezinye ii-subsystems ezaziwa njengeenkqubo ezisisiseko ze-«Ibhokisi Emnyama» okanye «Isekethe yangaphakathi».
Umnyango
Ngokumalunga nombutho, amangeno ngawo onke amangeno ayenzeka kwisistim. Eli qela libandakanya zonke izinto eziphathekayo, abantu kunye nezibonelelo ezingabonakaliyo ezifana nolwazi kunye neenkcukacha. Kwithiyori ngokubanzi yeenkqubo, eli galelo libandakanya amandla okuqalisa kwi-subsystem nganye, kuba banika umdla wokusebenza kombutho.
Igalelo elifanayo linokuba sisiphumo okanye kunokuba sisiphumo senkqubo esezantsi eyandulelayo. Umzekelo unokuthatyathwa kwifektri apho kungenwa khona ngokusebenzisa izinto eziluhlaza, emva koko ifike kwindawo yokusebenzela, emva koko iye kwindawo yokucubungula, emva koko imveliso kunye nokwakhiwa ekugqibeleni ifikelele kwintengiso.
Inkqubo iphendula ngokukhawuleza kwigalelo kunye nemveliso, eyindlela yokudibanisa phakathi kwenkqubo nganye engaphantsi. Kuyajongwa ukuba nganye ixhomekeke njani kwenye, imathiriyeli ekrwada kufuneka ifike ngokuthe ngqo kwaye iqwalaselwe emva koko. Ke ukuba ayifikeleli kwezinye ii-subsystems, akusokuze kubekho urhwebo.
Iinkqubo zenguqu kule meko zezo zivumela ukumisela igalelo kunye nemveliso engaphantsi kwenkqubo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi iimpawu iyunithi nganye okanye into yenkqubo enayo. Ithiyori yenkqubo ngokubanzi ikwachaza ukuba inguqu luhlobo lwentetho yeenkqubo kwimibutho.
Iziphumo zivumela ukuphendula kwiinkqubo, ukwenzela ukuba ukuba isiphumo esihle sifunyenwe, inkqubo ngokubanzi iqhutywe ngokufanelekileyo. Xa kujongwa iziphumo ezingalunganga, ulungiso lunokwenziwa kwiiyunithi zenkqubo engaphantsi engaphumeleliyo.
Phuma
Xa isiphumo sisekwe kwithiyori ngokubanzi yeenkqubo, iifom ezinjengeemveliso, iinkonzo kunye nayo yonke into enxulumene nokuphela kweenkqubo zicetywayo. Kule meko sibona indlela inkqubo emisela ngayo imveliso okanye inkonzo yokugqibela njengenxalenye yegalelo kwenye inkqubo.
Oko kukuthi, imveliso yenkqubo nayo inxalenye yegalelo kwenye inkqubo, umzekelo, sinayo imeko yokwenziwa kweenkuni, igalelo kwi-sawmill yezinto ekrwada yinxalenye yenkqubo yemveliso enxulumene nomthi ukukhula kwawo. imbewu njl
Ngoko ke umthi igalelo njengento ekrwada kwaye kamva iguqulwe ibe slats zokhuni eziya kuba yinxalenye enye inkqubo igalelo ukuqhubeka inkqubo. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba iinkqubo kunye neesistim zisebenze ngolu hlobo, ngoko ke ziyi-non-circular cycle ethathwa njengento eqhubekayo.
Kukholelwa ukuba i-theory jikelele yeenkqubo ihambelana ne-theory ye-thermodynamics, umahluko kwiinkqubo zokuguqulwa ngokupheleleyo kwezinto okanye ukuguqulwa kwayo. Ngelixa kwithiyori ngokubanzi yeenkqubo, umgaqo wenguqu awuveli, kodwa wendaleko.
Unxibelelwano
Elinye lawona mnikelo ubalulekileyo wethiyori yenkqubo ngokubanzi ibe kukubonisa ngokwengqiqo izikimu ezahlukeneyo ezivumela iinkqubo ukuba zihlalutywe ngoomatshini. Oko kukuthi, kusekwe ngokusekelwe kwigalelo elilula kunye neenkqubo zemveliso.
Le ndlela yokuhlalutya iinkqubo ivumela ukusekwa kweendlela ezibanzi kwimibutho ukuze ikwazi ukulungisa nokulawula iinkqubo ezingaphantsi. Nangona kwimiba yobomi kunye nebhayoloji, le ngcamango ayikwazanga ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo.
Inkqubo evulekileyo imele ingxaki yethiyori ngokubanzi yeenkqubo, kuba ithintela ukungena ngokuthe ngqo kumaxabiso kunye nezinto ezisisiseko zobomi. Abantu baneenkqubo ezivaliweyo ezinamandla okudala ubomi.
Noko ke, xa kuzanywa ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zendlela ubomi obadalwa ngayo nendlela obabakho ngayo, kubonakala izinto ezithile ezingangqinelaniyo ekunzima ukuzichaza. Kodwa ezinye izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukunikela iingcamango ezithile ezinxulumene neenkqubo zezinye izinto eziphilayo ezikwaziyo ukuzala.
Imibutho isekela uphuhliso lwabo kwizicwangciso ezinokuthi ziphunyezwe ngokusekelwe kwintlangano yeenkqubo. Inkampani kufuneka ibe neeyunithi zokusebenza apho nganye idityaniswe kwaye inxibelelene nenye. Siyakumema ukuba ufunde inqaku elilandelayo Uyenza njani incwadi yemigaqo? apho ezinye iindlela zombutho zichazwe kwinkampani.
Ezi ntlobo zeemeko kufuneka zilungiswe ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle koko umbutho wakho wonke uya kuqala ukusilela. Ingxaki yenzeka kwimibutho emininzi yoluntu, apho kubonwa iingxaki ezahlukeneyo ezivelisa iziphumo ezibi kumaxabiso okukhula ekupheleni kwexesha. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngale miba, ndiyakumema ukuba ufunde inqaku elihambelanayo mveliso.