Unqulo lwamaHindu lwaziwa ngeentlobo ngeentlobo zoothixo noothixokazi balo. Ngasinye kwezi zithixo sinomsebenzi nembali yaso. Abona thixo badumileyo bamaHindu nguBrahma, uVishnu noShiva, kodwa kukho abaninzi ngakumbi abanqulwa ngabalandeli bolu kholo.
Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ngezithixo ezahlukeneyo zamaHindu, ukuhlomla ngeenkcukacha ezithe vetshe kwezi zintathu ziphambili. Injongo yethu kukubonelela ngokuqonda okunzulu koothixo bamaHindu kunye nendlela abadlala ngayo indima ebalulekileyo kwinkolo kunye nenkcubeko yaseIndiya. Ngesi sicatshulwa sinethemba lokunceda abafundi baqonde ubutyebi neyantlukwano yenkolo yamaHindu kwaye bayiqonde ngcono indima yayo kubomi bamakholwa ayo.
Luluphi uhlobo lonqulo lwamaHindu?
Ngaphambi kokuba sithethe ngoothixo bamaHindu, masiqale sixubushe ukuba ubuHindu buthetha ngantoni na. Inkolo yamaHindu, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiSanātana Dharma okanye "indlela engunaphakade" Yenye yezona nkonzo zindala nezintsonkothileyo ehlabathini. Ineengcambu zayo eIndiya kwaye isasazeke ngeNepal, eSri Lanka, eIndonesia nakwamanye amazwe akumazantsi-mpuma eAsia. Unqulo lwamaHindu lusekelwe kungcelele lwemibhalo engcwele, kuquka iiVeda, iiUpanishad, iiPurana, nezinye.
Ibonakala ngoothixo bayo abahlukahlukeneyo, nganye kuzo inomsebenzi othile kunye nembali. Abona thixo badumileyo nguBrahma, uVishnu noShiva. UBrahma ngumdali wendalo yonke, uVishnu ngumkhuseli kunye nomlondolozi wendalo yonke, kwaye uShiva ungumtshabalalisi kunye nomhlaziyi wendalo yonke. Siza kuxoxa ngazo ngokweenkcukacha kamva.
inkolo yamaHindu ukwagxininisa kakhulu ekuzalweni ngokutsha, ingcamango yokuba umphefumlo womntu ubuyela kumzimba omtsha emva kokufa. UbuHindu bukwafundisa ukuba inkululeko yokomoya, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "moksha," yeyona njongo yobomi. Ngaphaya koko, inesiko labafundi be-guru, apho i-guru okanye utitshala wokomoya ekhokela umfundi kwindlela yakhe eya enkululekweni yokomoya. Olu nqulo lukwanalo neentlobo ngeentlobo zezithethe nezithethe, kuquka iipujas (unqulo), iiyajnas (iminikelo), iyoga, ukucamngca nokuzila ukutya.
Kufuneka kuthiwe inkolo yamaHindu yahluke kakhulu kwaye inamasebe nezithethe ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Lunqulo oluphilayo, kwaye lusaqhubeka luguquka kwaye luziqhelanisa namaxesha anamhlanje.
Bangaphi oothixo bamaHindu?
Njengoko sele sichazile ngasentla, inkolo yamaHindu inenani elikhulu lezithixo, ngamnye unomsebenzi othile kunye nembali. Abona thixo badumileyo nguBrahma, uVishnu noShiva, kodwa baninzi ngakumbi kwizithixo zamaHindu. Ngokutsho kwezithethe ezahlukeneyo nezibhalo ezingcwele, kukhankanywa amakhulu oothixo nezithixo. Noko ke, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba kubuHindu, zonke ziyimiba eyahlukileyo yoThixo omnye ophakamileyo, uBrahman, yaye bonke oothixo bagqalwa njengembonakaliso yoThixo omnye.
Ngaphandle kweBrahma, uVishnu noShiva, abanye babo abona thixo badumileyo kunye nezithixo kubuHindu Zizo zilandelayo:
- UDevi okanye uShakti: Uthixokazi ongumfazi, amandla kaThixo. Ugqalwa njengonina wabo bonke oothixo noothixokazi. Nguthixokazi wenzala.
- Ganesh: Uthixo onentloko yendlovu, umsusi wemiqobo. Ungomnye wezithixo ezidumileyo kwaye unqulwa kulo lonke elaseIndiya. Nguthixo wobulumko nempumelelo.
- Kartikeya: Uthixo wemfazwe nobugorha. Ungumninawa kaGanesha.
- IHanuman: Uthixo wenkawu, umkhonzi othembekileyo waseRama. Unguthixo wokunyaniseka nokuzinikela.
- Lakshmi: Uthixokazi wobutyebi, impumelelo kunye nentlalontle. Ungumfazi kaVishnu.
- I-Sarasvati: Uthixokazi womculo, ubugcisa nobulumko.
- IRama kunye neKrishna: Ababini kwabona thixo badumileyo nabanqulwayo bamaHindu kubuHindu. Zii-avatars zikaVishnu kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu kwiintsomi nakunqulo lwamaHindu.
- UKali: Uthixokazi wentshabalalo notshintsho. Yeyona ndlela inamandla kaDevi kwaye inqulwa ngabo bafuna ukukhuselwa namandla.
Uthixo nothixokazi ngamnye uneentsomi zabo, imbali noqheliselo lwabo lokunqula. Ezinye zezithixo zihlonitshwa kulo lonke elaseIndiya, ngelixa ezinye zithandwa kakhulu kwimimandla ethile. Ngezantsi siza kuxubusha ngokubanzi oothixo abathathu abakhulu bamaHindu: uBrahma, uVishnu noShiva.
Brahma: umdali wendalo iphela
Masiqale ngeyona nto iphambili yoothixo bamaHindu: Brahma. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ungomnye wezona zithixo zibalulekileyo kwizithixo zamaHindu. Ugqalwa njengomdali wendalo iphela yaye ungomnye weTrimurti, kunye noVishnu (umlondolozi) noShiva (umtshabalalisi). IBrahma ikwabizwa ngokuba ngu "Yise weGenealogies" okanye "Prajapati". Nguthixo wendalo nomdali wezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu koko, unguthixo wobulumko nokuqonda izinto zokomoya. Ukwagqalwa njengothixo wemibongo nomculo.
Ngokutsho kwentsomi yamaHindu, uBrahma wadalwa nguThixo ophakamileyo, obizwa ngokuba nguBrahman, ukuze adale indalo iphela. Waqala ngalo msebenzi ngokucamngca kunye nokucamngca, yaye emva kwexesha elithile, waqalisa ukudala izinto eziphilayo. Wadala amazulu, amazwe, iilwandle nezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuzo.
UBrahma udla ngokuboniswa ngeengalo ezine, ephethe incwadi, irosari, intsiba, kunye nesitya samanzi. Idla ngokuba neentloko ezine, nganye ijonge kwicala elahlukileyo, ifuzisela indalo kuwo omane amacala. Kunqulo lwamaHindu, uBrahma unguthixo omncinane xa ethelekiswa noVishnu noShiva. kwaye ineetempile ezinikezelweyo ezimbalwa kunye nabalandeli xa kuthelekiswa nazo. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye izithethe zengingqi inqulwa ngakumbi kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kwiintsomi.
UVishnu: umkhuseli nomlondolozi wendalo iphela
Ngoku masiqhubeke nesithixo uVishnu, naye ongomnye wabona thixo babalulekileyo bamaHindu. Ngokutsho kobuHindu, ungumlondolozi wendalo iphela. Ngokutsho kwentsomi yamaHindu, uVishnu ngumkhuseli wendalo iphela yaye unembopheleleko yokugcina ulungelelwano kuyo. Ngoko ke uthixo wobulungisa nokhuselo. Yinkxaso yayo yonke into ekhoyo, inkxaso yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo kunye nenkxaso yemithetho yendalo yonke.
Enye yeempawu eziphawulekayo zikaVishnu zizinto zakhe zokuzalwa okanye ii-avatars kwiifom ezahlukeneyo, ezaziwa ngokuba yi "Vishnu Avatara". Ezi mpawu ziquka uRama noKrishna, abona thixo badumileyo nabanqulwa kunqulo lwamaHindu yaye babaluleke kakhulu kwiintsomi nobuHindu. I-avatar nganye kaVishnu inenjongo ethile kunye nebali elihambelana nayo.
UVishnu udla ngokuboniswa ngeengalo ezine, ephethe iqokobhe (shankha), idiski (chakra), iklabhu (gada) kunye nelotus (padma). Ukongezelela, ngokuqhelekileyo ine-halo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emva kwayo. Kukwaqhelekile ukumbona ephethe inyoka egama linguShesha, embhijela ngathi ngumqamelo. Kufuneka kuthiwe ngokuqhelekileyo kubonakala ngendlela yokuphumla, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Ananta-Shesha" apho aphumla kwiShesha, ngelixa ecamngca kwaye elindele ukuzalwa kwakhe okulandelayo.
Kunqulo lwamaHindu, UVishnu ngoyena thixo ubalulekileyo kwaye uhlonelwa kulo lonke elaseIndiya. Iitempile zabo, ezibizwa ngokuba yiVaishnavism, zixhaphake kakhulu kwaye zithandwa. Abalandeli bakaVishnu babizwa ngokuba ngamaVaishnavas kwaye baqhelisela ukuzinikela nokunqula lo thixo kunye neeavatar zakhe.
Shiva: umtshabalalisi kunye nomhlaziyi wendalo yonke
Ekugqibeleni kufuneka sibalaselise uShiva, omnye wezona zithixo zibalulekileyo kwizithixo zamaHindu. Ingumtshabalalisi nomhlaziyi wendalo iphela. Ngokutsho kwentsomi yamaHindu, uShiva unguthixo wentshabalalo notshintsho, kodwa ukwanguthixo wokuzalwa ngokutsha kunye nobuchule bokudala. Ngaphaya koko, usisithixo sokucamngca kunye ne-asceticism, yiyo loo nto ethathwa njengenkosi yeyoga kunye nesayensi engaqondakaliyo ye-tantra.
Ngaphandle kwazo zonke ezi zihloko, UShiva ukwanguthixo weentaba kunye nemilambo, kunye nomkhuseli wezilwanyana zasendle kunye nezityalo. Ngoko ke akumangalisi ukuba uyaziwa nangokuthi "iPashupati" okanye "iNkosi yezilwanyana". Yaye ayimangalisi into yokuba abanquli bazo abaziintloko ingabelusi nabazingeli. UShiva uyaziwa nangokuthi "iNkosi yoMdaniso" (Nataraja) kwifom yakhe yomdaniso, ufanekisela indalo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo yonke.
I-Shiva idla ngokumelwa ngamehlo amathathu, inomzimba onqunu kwaye ihonjiswe ngeenyoka kunye nentsimbi yomqala yeekhakhayi. Kwizihlandlo ezininzi uvela ephethe iribhoni yengwe kunye netrident ezandleni zakhe. Kukwaqhelekile ukuyibona kwimo yokucamngca okanye yokudanisa. Kunqulo lwamaHindu, uShiva ngoyena thixo ubalulekileyo yaye uhlonelwa kulo lonke elaseIndiya. Iitempile zabo zixhaphake kakhulu kwaye zaziwa ngokuba yiShaivism. Abalandeli bakaShiva baziwa ngokuba ngamaShaivas kwaye baqhelisela ukuzinikela nokunqula iShiva kunye neendlela zayo ezahlukeneyo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba lonke olu lwazi malunga noothixo bamaHindu lube nomdla kuwe. Ufunda into entsha yonke imihla!