UJuan waseOstriya, iqhawe elikhulu elizalwa kubudlelwane bothando phakathi kukaKumkani uCarlos I waseSpain kunye noBárbara Blomberg, ukuba ngunyana ongekho mthethweni, kodwa oku akuzange kumthintele ekubeni abe ngumlweli omkhulu wenkululeko yabantu. Libali elinomdla leqhawe elinqwenela ukuba yiRoyal Highness.
UJohn waseOstriya: ngobomi
UJohn waseOstriya wazalelwa eRegensburg, eJamani, ngoFebruwari 24, 1545, abazali bakhe uKumkani uCharles I waseSpain kunye no-V woBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma, kunye nonina uBarbara Blomberg. Wakhulelwa phantsi kokukrexeza kukayise, kwaye engowosapho lwasebukhosini baseSpain, unozakuzaku kunye nomkhosi wasemkhosini, ngexesha likarhulumente womntakwabo nguyise, uFelipe II.
iminyaka yakhe yokuqala
Kwincwadi engobomi bukaJuan de Austria umhla wokuzalwa kwakhe awucacanga, kunokungqinwa kwezinye iincwadi ukuba weza ehlabathini ngonyaka we-1545 njengoko kwasekwa yibhayografi yokuqala ebaliswa ngonyaka we-1627 nguVander Hammer, ngokucacileyo eyona inokuthenjwa ukuba ibhalwe emva kokufa kwakhe.
Kule biography, ukwabonisa indawo, imini kunye nexesha lokuzalwa kwakhe njenge: Regensburg ngoFebruwari 25 ngo-12.30: 1547, ngelixa kwezinye, umzekelo, ezifana nekaG. Parker okanye uP. Pierson, baxela ukuba kwakungonyaka we-XNUMX.
UPierson kwinqaku lakhe elinesihloko esithi Don Juan de Austria ubalisa ukuba abahlali abathile ababephila ngelo xesha bagcina ukuba wazalwa ngonyaka we-1545 kwaye bakwagqabaza “ngobungqina obuthile kwimibhiyozo kawonke-wonke”, ngaphandle kokuchaza, umbandela ongqina umhla wonyaka we-1547.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho abanye abathi banike umhla njengethuba lokukhulelwa, kodwa, kule minyaka ukumkani wayeseGhent ngokutsho kukaManuel de Foronda emsebenzini wakhe, ubalisa ukuba wayenokukhawulwa ukuba azalwe kweso sibini. imihla .
Ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa unyaka wokuzalwa kwakhe, into eqinisekileyo kukuba unomhla wokuzalwa obhalisiweyo ngoFebruwari 24, abathi bakhethwa nguJuan ngokwakhe, lo ngumhla wokuzalwa kukayise uCarlos I.
Unina kaJuan, xa wayesemncinci kakhulu, watshata noJerónimo Píramo Kegell, uJerôme Pyramus Kegel, ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba igama lomntwana laliza kuthwala "uJerome" okanye "uJeromín", ovela kwigama likayise.
UCarlos I, unquma ukuba unyana wakhe kufuneka akhuliswe eSpain. Yayingubani umngcamli wakhe, uDon Luis de Quijada, wavuma, kwaye batyikitya isivumelwano eBrussels ngoJuni 13, 1550, kunye noFrancisco Massy, owayengumdlali weviolinist wenkundla yasebukhosini, watshata noAna de Medina, waseSpain. wavuma ukuzibophelela kwakhe ngokutshintshiselana ngeeducats ezingamashumi amahlanu ngonyaka, ukuze anyamekele imfundo yomntwana.
Embindini wonyaka we-1551 bafika eLeganés, apho umfazi wakhe uAna de Medina wayenenxalenye enkulu yomhlaba.
Ngomnyaka we-1554 nakwixesha lasehlotyeni, umntwana watshintshelwa kwinqaba yaseDon Luis de Quijada, eVillagarcía de Campos, eValladolid, apha umntwana wahlala ixesha le-5 iminyaka. Umfazi wakhe, uDoña Magdalena de Ulloa, wayephethe imfundo yakhe, owayexhaswa ngumfundisi-ntsapho wesiLatini uGuillén Prieto, umfundisi uGarcía de Morales kunye nesquire uJuan Galarza.
Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uCarlos I wazinikela ekubhaleni umyolelo wakhe owabhalwa ngoJuni 6, 1554, apho wathetha nelizwi nelizwi esithi: ““Ngenxa yokuba ngoxa ndandiseJamani, emva kobuqhophololo, ndafumana unyana wemvelo kumfazi ongatshatanga, owayesele engumtya nethunga. ebizwa ngokuba nguGeronimo.
Ngethuba e-Yuste Monastery, ukumkani wanikela imiyalelo ku-don Luis de Quijada ukuba ahambe ayohlala kuloo ndawo, ngelixa lo mva wamkela imiyalelo efunyenweyo waza waya kwidolophana yaseCuacos de Yuste. Nangona kunjalo, umlawuli wahlula ngokusemthethweni uDon Juan de Austria njengonyana wakhe, emshiya ebhala ngesandla sakhe kumyolelo, owatyhilwa emva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1558.
Kule nto kubhaliwe ukuba unyana wakhe uJerónimo uya kubizwa ngokuba nguJuan, ehlonipha igama awayeza kubekwa ngalo nguKumkanikazi uJuana, uCarlos I.
UFelipe II, indlalifa, ngelo xesha wayengaphandle kweSpeyin. Emva koko, izimvo ezininzi zaqala malunga noyise womntwana, owanqatshwa nguQuijada, ngelixa ebhalela ukumkani ecela imiyalelo. Siyakumema ukuba wazi imbali ye UJosé de San Martín
Owaphendula ngoko nangoko ngeleta eyabhalwa ngunobhala uEraso ukuba ekucimeni kwakhe nasekulungiseni ukubhideka awayenako nombandela wendlela yokusingatha umbandela oncunu ngolo hlobo kwaphawulwa, enikela njengesiluleko sokuba alinde de ukumkani abuyele eSpeyin. .
UPrincess Juana, umhlohli xa engekho uFelipe II, ucele ukuba anqwenele ukudibana nomntwana, awathi wazalisekisa eValladolid ngenyanga kaMeyi ka-1559, evumelana nesibhengezo esindilisekileyo. Ngokufanayo, umntakwabo ngonina uFelipe wakwenza oko ngoSeptemba 28, 1559 eSanta Espina, idolophu ekumasipala waseCastromonte, eValladolid, eSpeyin.
Emva koko uFelipe II, ezalisekisa imiyalelo kayise uCarlos, ebonakaliswe kwitestamente yonyaka we-1554, waqaphela umntwana njengenxalenye yamalungu enza intsapho yasebukhosini. Igama lakhe latshintshwa nguDon Juan de Austria. Wanikwa ikhaya lakhe, ekwabela uLuis de Quijada njengomcebisi wakhe oyintloko.
UMlawuli uKesare akazange afune ukuba izithandwa zakhe ezazingafumanekiyo zaziswe esidlangalaleni, waza waphawula ukuba unina womntwana wayengenandlela ifanelekileyo yokukhulisa umntwana.
Ngoko ke uNgonyama wamthatha umntwana kunina ngendlela efanelekileyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba usekwinkqubo yokonga. Kuyaziwa ukuba wayiphathisa umncedisi wakhe, uLuis de Quijada, kwaye wayiphathisa inenekazi awayelithembile ngokupheleleyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba wayengumongikazi okhethwe ngononophelo olukhulu, kwaye akazange alahlekelwe ngumbono wakhe. .
Bathi ngabantu abathathu okanye abane kuphela ababesazi ngesi siganeko, yaye nendlalifa yoBukhosi, uDon Felipe, wayengayazi de kwangowe-1556.
Kodwa, emva kweminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha, kukho ulwazi olwaneleyo malunga nemfundo yonyana ongekho mthethweni we-Emperor, owayengenayo ingcamango encinci yomnombo wakhe. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto iyinyani enokuqinisekiswa kukuba ukususela ekufikeni kwakhe kwidolophu yaseCastilian yaseLeganés, imfundo yomntwana ongaziwayo yayingumzekelo.
Ukususela kwiminyaka ye-1550 ukuya ku-1564 imfundo yomntwana yavela kwizigaba ezintathu, kwaye ngexesha ezimbini zokuqala, uJerónimo osemncinci wayengazi imfihlo yokuzalwa kwakhe, kunye nabantu ababemnyamekela, ngaphandle kukaLuis Quijada.
Uqeqesho
UDon Juan waseOstriya wagqiba izifundo zakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseAlcalá de Henares apho waya khona kunye nabafana ababini abadala kunaye: babengabatshana bakhe, iNkosana uCarlos kunye noAlejandro Farnesio, unyana kaMargarita de Parma, enye intombi engekho semthethweni. UMlawuli uCharles.
Abacebisi bakhe baquka u-Honorato Juan Tristull, umfundi waseLuis Vives. Ngomnyaka we-1562, "iNdlu kaDon Juan de Austria" ibonakala, ngaphakathi kweendleko zezemali zeNdlu yaseRoyal, apho inani le-ducats ye-15.000 yabelwe, efana ne-Princess Juana.
Ebudeni bonyaka we-1565, abantu baseTurkey bahlasela isiqithi saseMalta. Ukuxhasa ukukhuselwa kwayo, inqanawa yenziwa kwizibuko laseBarcelona. UDon Juan waseOstriya, wacela ukumkani ukuba amgunyazise ukuba athelele isithandwa sakhe, nto leyo eyachaswayo. Kodwa, uDon Juan, wabaleka enkundleni waza waya e-Barcelona, kodwa akazange akwazi ukufikelela kwiinqanawa. Kodwa, ileta ebhalwe ngesandla evela kumntakwabo yayiye yamvumela ukuba alilahle icebo lakhe lokuwela emazantsi eFransi, ukuya kufikelela kumhlaba waseItali aze akwazi ukufikelela kwiinqanawa zikaGarcía de Toledo.
Ngenxa yokuba umninawa wakhe wayengaphenjelelwa ngumsebenzi wonqulo awayewucebe uyise, uKumkani uFelipe II, wammisela njengoMphathi-Jikelele woLwandle.” Njengoko kwakunjalo ebudeni bobomi bakhe, wamngqonga ngabacebisi bakhe. ekuthembekeni kwakhe ngokupheleleyo, phakathi kwabo kwakukho uÁlvaro de Bazán, uAdmiral, noLuis de Requesens y Zúñiga, uVice Admiral.
INkosana uCarlos, mhlawumbi ngenxa yesikhundla awayekuso umalume wakhe, kwakunye nobuhlobo obabamanyanisa iminyaka, wavuma kuDon Juan waseOstriya ukuba unezicwangciso zokuqhwesha eSpeyin, aye eNetherlands esuka eItali, apho kwakufuneka izikhephe. oko kuya kuvumela ukudlula ukuya eItali.
Ukuze afumane oko kwakuceliwe, wacebisa ubukumkani baseNaples. Emva koko, u-don Juan wamxelela ukuba uya kumphendula kwaye ngoko nangoko waya e-El Escorial ukuxelela ukumkani ngayo. Ukumkani wabuyela eMadrid ngoJanuwari 17, 1568, yaye ngosuku olulandelayo, ngeCawa, yonke intsapho yaya kwiinkonzo zonqulo. UDon Carlos waqhagamshelana noDon Juan waseAustria ngomnxeba kumagumbi akhe, ukuba ambuze ngesigqibo sakhe.
Kwiimpendulo ezifunyenwe kuDon Juan, mhlawumbi wagqiba kwelokuba akayi kusebenzisana kwaye mhlawumbi wambhaqile, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba akhuphe ikrele aze ahlasele umalume wakhe ngasemva, owakwazi ukuzikhusela de bafika abakhonzi. .wamongamela, wada wamsa emagumbini akhe. Emva koko, ngenxa yokuvalelwa kweNkosana uCarlos, wakhokelela uDon Juan wase-Austria ukuba anxibe ngokuzila, nangona kunjalo, uKumkani uFelipe wamnika imiyalelo ecacileyo yokuba uya kuyikhulula.
Ngelo xesha, uDon Juan waseOstriya, wabuyela kwiMeditera, ukuze alawule ezo nqanawa. Emva kokuba edibene nabacebisi bakhe eCartagena ngoJulayi 2, 1568, waya elwandle ukuze ahlasele iicorsairs. Ngesithuba seenyanga ezintathu yatyhutyha lonke unxweme, yada yaya kufika eOran naseMelila.
UKumkanikazi uElizabeth waseValois kunye neNkosana uCharles bafa ngowe-1568. UDon Juan wahamba nenqanawa ukuya eCartagena waza waya eMadrid. Emva kokuvela phambi kokumkani, waya kutyelela iDoña Magdalena de Ulloa, waza wazivalela kangangexesha elithile kwindlu yeemonki yaseFrancisca i-El Abrojo, eLaguna de Duero, umasipala kunye nesixeko saseSpain.
Imvukelo yeAlpujarras
Kummiselo owabhalwa ngoJanuwari 1, 1567, wayalela ukuba amaMorisco ahlala phakathi koBukumkani baseGranada, ingakumbi kummandla weeAlpujarras, azikhwebule ngokupheleleyo kwizithethe zawo, ulwimi lwawo, isinxibo sawo nezithethe zawo zonqulo. Inyaniso yokuba baseka imimiselo, ivelise ukuba ngenyanga ka-Aprili 1568, uvukelo oluvulekileyo luya kucwangciswa. Ekupheleni kwaloo nyaka, malunga namakhulu amabini abemi baqalisa uvukelo.
Ngelo xesha, ukumkani wayisusa iMarquis yaseMondéjar, waza ngokunjalo wamisela uDon Juan de Austria UCaptain General, okuthetha ukuba, umphathi omkhulu wemikhosi yasebukhosini. Wabela inkampani yakhe abacebisi abathembekileyo awayefanele anxulumane nabo, phakathi kwabo kwakukho iiRequesens. NgoAprili 13, 1569, uDon Juan wafika eGranada.
Umgaqo-nkqubo okhoyo ophathelele ukugxothwa wayenza yambi imeko. Noko ke, ukuze aphumeze ukusebenza kakuhle, udon Juan wafuna ukuba umntakwabo amnike imvume yokuqalisa uhlaselo. Ukumkani wamnika, apho uDon Juan wemka waya eGranada, ephethe umkhosi. Ekupheleni konyaka we-1569, wakwazi ukuxolisa iGüéjar Sierra, idolophu yaseSpeyin, waza wayingqinga iGalera.
Imeko yayikhubazekile: yayiyinqaba enzima ukuyithabatha. UDon Juan waseOstriya, ugunyazise uhlaselo jikelele, esebenzisa zonke izixhobo zokulwa kunye nezam. NgoFebruwari 10, 1570, wangena edolophini, ebulala bonke abahlali abangamadoda, ngoxa wayevalela abafazi, abantwana nabantu abakhulileyo, eshiya loo ndawo iyinkangala, waza kamva wayigubungela ngetyuwa.
Emva koko wafudukela kwinqaba yaseSeron, umasipala waseSpeyin, apho wadutyulwa entloko, waza uDon Luis de Quijada wenzakala, wafa kwiveki kamva, ngoFebruwari 25, eCaniles, idolophu yaseSpeyin. Kwangoko, wathabatha iTerque waza wayoyisa yonke intlambo ephakathi yomlambo iAlmería.
Ngenyanga kaMeyi wowe-1570, uJuan de Austria, wavuma ukwenza uxolo ne-El Habaquí. IAlcudia de Guadix El Habaqui. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni nasekwindla ngonyaka we-1570, amadabi okugqibela abanjwa ukuze koyiswe abavukeli.
Ngenyanga kaFebruwari wowe-1571, uFelipe II watyobela ummiselo wokugxothwa kwawo onke amaMorisco awayekubukumkani baseGranada. Kwiileta zikaDon Juan, aba bathinjwa abayimfuneko beentsapho ezininzi ezipheleleyo, kubandakanywa nabasetyhini kunye nabantwana, bavela, abafanelekela ukuba "yintlupheko yomntu" enkulu echazwe.
lepanto
I-League of Santa, icebo elathi ukususela ngowe-1568, lamkholisa uPopu Saint Pius V, yaye ngokubhekisele kulo Philip II, akazange avume. Kamva ngonyaka we-1570, wasombulula ngokufanelekileyo umba wamaMoors, uFelipe II, wavuma ukujoyina iVenice kunye nePopu ngokuchasene namaTurks.
Ulawulo lwaseSpeyin lwalunomdla kwimimandla ekufuphi njengeTunisia, nangona kunjalo amanye amahlakani ayevumelana nokukhusela iSipro, eyayihlaselwa nguSelim II, ngehlobo lonyaka we-1570. Nangona injongo yezo nqanawa yayingaziwa. , uPhilip II, weza kumisela umyalelo kaDon Juan waseOstriya.
Umanyano lwasayinwa ngoMeyi 20, 1571. Ulwazi lwafika eMadrid ngoJuni, ngelo xesha ukumkani wathabatha malunga neentsuku ezingamashumi amabini ukuba abhale imiyalelo ethe ngqo eyayiza kuthatyathwa ngumntakwabo. Kwakhona, wayeya kubeka kwinkampani yakhe abantu abathembekileyo awayeya kusoloko ethetha nabo, phakathi kwabo kwakukho uLuis de Requesens, nomlandeli wakhe waseAlcalá de Henares, uAlejandro Farnesio.
Emva koko, iinqanawa zaseSpeyin zadibana e-Barcelona, apho uDon Juan wase-Austria kwafuneka abambelele de kwafika abatshana bakhe, uArchdukes Rodolfo no-Ernesto, okwenzeka ngoJulayi 20, abasa eGenoa. Ngo-Agasti 8, ezo nqanawa zafika eNaples ukuza kunceda.
UPius V wathumela uDon Juan iflegi yoMbutho, owamamkela ngovuyo nangesenzo esindilisekileyo esaqhutywa kumsitho wecawa yaseSanta Chiara. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, iinqanawa zafika e-Messina, apho iqela le-League lahlanganiswa khona. Kule ndawo uDon Juan wahlola waza wafumana isikhumbuzo, kunye nabanye abasebenzi baseNavy. Ungakufumanisa kunomdla ukufunda ibhayografi ye UPorfirio Diaz
UDon Juan waseOstriya wagxininisa kwibhunga lemfazwe kwinqanawa yakhe yomphathi, ukuba enze isigqibo malunga nomsitho. IFamagusta, isixeko samaGrike esikwimpuma yeSipro, yatshatyalaliswa ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Ukoyiswa koManyano kwathetha ukuba unxweme lweMeditera eSpeyin naseItali lwalungenakuzikhusela ngokupheleleyo kumaTurkey.
UDon Juan waseOstriya, wakhusela umbono wedabi elihlaselayo: jonga iinqanawa zaseTurkey, apho ziya kufunyanwa ukuba ziyitshabalalise; ukuba sisicwangciso esixhaswa ngoomatiloshe abaziingcali, abanjengo-Álvaro de Bazán. UDon Juan wakwazi ukugxininisa igunya lakhe, ngokuchasene neendawo ezilinganisiweyo, ngoSeptemba 15, iinqanawa zahamba zisuka eMessina zisingise empuma yeMeditera.
Olu khuphiswano lwaliwa ngo-Oktobha 7, 1571, kwiGulf of Lepanto, apho amaTurkey ayekhuselwe khona. Iinqanawa, ezaziphantsi komyalelo kadon Juan, zimi kwindawo esembindini wokwakheka.
Isenzo kwicala lika-don Juan de Austria, sasithathwa njengento eqinisekileyo yokuphumelela uloyiso lweNhlangano, ngenxa yokufuna kwakhe uloyiso oluqinisekileyo, kunye nemizamo yakhe yobuqu kolu hlobo lomzabalazo, apho umkhosi waselwandle kunye nowomhlaba wawukhona. zidityanisiwe, ngenxa yokuba xa izikhephe zindululwa, zalwa ngamandla.
Ngoko ke, yile ndlela eboniswe ngayo ziingcali kwintsimi, njengeBraudel okanye uM. Fernández Álvarez, kwaye iqinisekiswe ngabantu bexesha elinjengoMiguel de Cervantes.
Abantu baseTurkey, bacinga ukuba uLepanto, waguqulela ilahleko yomkhosi wakhe, ewufanelekela njengokusilela okucacileyo okwenzeka yi-sultan ukususela kwimfazwe yase-Angora ngonyaka we-1402, ngaphezu kwesilumkiso esizayo sokuba imimandla yakhe iya kuhlaselwa.
Kulawulo lwaseSpain kunye neRiphabhlikhi yase-Italiya, umngcipheko owawuboniswa ngamaTurkey kwiNtshona yeMeditera wawushiywe ngasemva. Ngokunjalo, yazisa njengesiphumo inzuzo ngendlela yendebe, apho bathimba inani elikhulu leenqanawa. Ngokufunyanwa kwezi, iinqanawa zaseSpeyin, zakwazi ukuba namandla amakhulu, zaza zazimisela ngamandla kwiMeditera.
Nangona engazange akwazi ukusebenzisa loo nzuzo, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamaphini. Eneneni, uDon Juan waseOstriya wakwazi ukukhulula amaKristu awayebheqa kwiinqanawa zaseTurkey, amalunga ne-15.000 XNUMX, nabathinjwa ababekwiinqanawa zaseSpeyin, ababesilwa ngokuthembeka kolo khuphiswano.
Tunisia kunye neItali
Njengomphumo woloyiso lweLepanto, wenza uDon Juan waseAustria waba ligorha kwimekobume yaseYurophu. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, umnqweno wakhe wanda: wanqwenela ukuba nobukumkani bakhe, nokuphathwa njengokumkani, nto leyo engazange ivunywe kuye.
Ngowe-1572, abantu baseAlbania bathembisa uDon Juan ukuba nguye olawulayo. Oku wabonisana nomkhuluwa wakhe ukumkani, owacebisa ukuba angasamkeli eso sicelo, nangona kunjalo, sokuba angalushiyi unxulumano nama-Albania.
Emva koko, ngemvume evela kukumkani, uDon Juan ngeenyanga ukususela ngoJulayi ukuya ku-Oktobha, waqalisa ukukhangela u-Uluj Ali, owasinda eLepanto, awazange aphumelele, kuba yena, ekwazi ukongama komkhosi waselwandle waseSpeyin, wakubona oko. ukuyiphepha.
Kunyaka olandelayo, iRiphabhlikhi yaseVenice yatyikitya uxolo olwahlukileyo kunye namaTurkey. Ekwathi kwatshatyalaliswa ngayo iNhlangano eNgcwele, kwaye uDon Juan watshintsha iflegi yeLeague kunye neyaseCastile kwisikhephe sakhe.
Ukususela kweso siganeko, umkhosi waseSpain wawukhululekile ukuba uqhubeke neziphelo zawo, kwaye uDon Juan akazange aphoswe ithuba: wacela imvume yokuqalisa ukunqoba kweTunisia. Ukusuka eLa Goleta, inqaba eyayimiwe ngamaqabane athile aseSpeyin, wayithabatha iTunisia kwidabi elinogonyamelo elaqhubeka ngenyanga ka-Oktobha wonyaka we-1573.
Kwakhona bamnika ithuba lokuba nobukumkani bakhe, kodwa ukuba boyiswe yedwa. Ukubawa kwakhe akuzange kutyeshelwe, kuba uPopu Gregory IX ngokwakhe waya kuKumkani uPhilip II ekuqaleni konyaka we-1574, ecela ukuba uDon Juan anikwe iwonga lokuba nguKumkani waseTunis.
Impendulo yakhatywa, nangona kunjalo, ukumkani wathi iimfanelo ezizuzwe ngumninawa wakhe ziya kuwufumana umvuzo wazo.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, uFelipe II, wayengenantembelo epheleleyo kwiinjongo zomntakwabo. Ngoko wasebenzisa unobhala wakhe, uAntonio Pérez, njengomthetheleli wokwazi nokulawula iminqweno kaDon Juan. UPérez wamnika imali yotyalo-mali kwinqanawa, kwaye watyholwa ngokumnika isikhundla sokuba nguVicar General eItali.
Ukuhlala kukaDon Juan e-Italy kwanceda u-Uluj Ali ukuba abuyele eTunisia. Ngelo xesha, ukunyoluka kukaDon Juan de Austria kwakukwelinye inqanaba: ukungena kwamaKatolika eNgilani, umtshato noMaría I Estuardo, kunye nokuphumeza ubukumkani bakhe; Yayilicebo elalibonakala linentsebenziswano kaPopu, kunye namaKatolika angamaNgesi.
Enyanisweni, ngomzuzu othile, waphandwa ngumthunywa we-Queen, malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka umtshato kunye no-Elizabeth waseNgilani ngokwakhe, owaxelelwa uKumkani uFelipe, owayengavumanga kwaye akazange amkelwe nguye.
UDon Juan wayeneenjongo ezintle kwaye unqwenela ukufudukela eMadrid ukuze athethe ngalo mbandela. Noko ke, ukumkani wamyalela ukuba ahlale njengomfundisi-ntsapho eItali, apho waqhuba khona iqhinga loxolo kwizixeko ebezingquzulana unyaka wonke.
Wafudukela kulo lonke usingasiqithi wase-Italiya, ehamba esuka eSicily esiya eLombardy. Ekupheleni kwaloo nyaka, udon Juan waqonda ukuba unobhala wakhe wobuqu, uJuan de Soto, wayethatyathelw’ indawo nguJuan de Escobedo, unobhala weBhunga likaNondyebo, ukususela ngowe-1566, kunye nomntu ohlobene noAntonio Pérez, owazama ukwazi. kunye neenkcukacha don Juan izenzo kunye neembono.
Ngokufanayo, uKumkani uFelipe II wafunda iminyaka malunga nomxholo weeleta ekubonakala ukuba zazinobuntu babucala, phakathi kuka-Antonio Pérez noDon Juan de Austria, ngenxa yokuba wayengabaveleli nje kuphela kodwa wabalungisa, ekhuthaza ukugxeka. , ukuze afunde ngezicwangciso, iingcamango kunye nezenzo zikaDon Juan waseOstriya.
Inetherlands
Njengoko zonke ezi ziganeko zadlula, iingxabano phakathi kweNetherlands zaqina ngakumbi. Ngomgaqo-nkqubo oqinileyo wokunyanzeliswa owenziwe kwimiyalelo ye-Duke yase-Alba, eyaqhutyelwa nguDon Luis de Requesens. Nangona kunjalo, uRequensens wasweleka ngoMeyi 5, 1576, isiganeko esasinomdla ngokukhawuleza kuWilliam waseOrange ukuze aqalise uvukelo.
Ngelo xesha, iBhunga likarhulumente elaliphethe ngelo xesha kuloo ndawo, ngokufanayo lacela ukumkani ukuba amisele ngoko nangoko irhuluneli entsha, eyayiphuma kwintsapho eyongamileyo.
Ukhetho lwalungenakuthintelwa, ngoko nangoko ukumkani wayalela ukuba uDon Juan waseOstriya aye eNetherlands enesikhundla soburhuluneli. UDon Juan waseOstriya, akazange athobele umyalelo wasebukhosini, kwaye endaweni yokuthobela lo myalelo, wafudukela eMadrid, ukuze afumane ithemba elivezwe yiplani yesiNgesi, umntakwabo wamnika inkxaso eqinile, yayiza kuba njani iimeko kunye apho wayeza kuya eBrussels.
UFelipe II, waphinda wasichasa isicelo sakhe sokuba amnike iwonga le-Infante yaseCastile, kunye nenyaniso ekudala ilindelwe yokuba yiRoyal Highness, nangona kunjalo, ngokungaphumeleli oko, wamkela isindululo sakhe segunya elilodwa. Kwakhona, uPhilip II akazange akwazi ukuzichaza ngokucacileyo ngokuphathelele umbandela wohlaselo olungalindelekanga oluvela eNgilani, ngoxa uDon Juan waseAustria wasebenzisa ukuhlala kwakhe eSpeyin ukudibana noMagdalena de Ulloa.
Ngokungenelela kwakhe, kwakufihliwe kwiingubo zakhe, ukuze aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe olandelayo: wayeya eNetherlands, kodwa ngeli xesha akayi kuyenza esuka eItali, kodwa eFransi, ngoko wazifihla phantsi kwesambatho somkhonzi. UMorisco kwinkonzo yeTaliyane ebekekileyo egama linguOctavio de Gonzaga.
Walinqumla lonke elaseFransi de waya kufika eLuxembourg, ekuphela kwephondo elinyanisekileyo. Ngoxa wayelapho, wadibana nomama wakhe, uNksk. Barbara Blomberg.
Emva kwentetho ebanzi, uBárbara Blomberg, owayengakuthandi ukuhlala eSpeyin, wavuma ukuba wayekhe waya kuSingasiqithi, apho wanikwa indawo yokuhlala, ukongezelela kwizinto awayeziphilisa ngazo, ekugqibeleni wafela eColindres, umasipala okwimpuma yeCantabria. .
Umkhosi wokuqala waseYurophu wanamhlanje, owaziwa ngokuba sisithathu esidala seFlanders yaseSpain, owayenexesha elaneleyo ngaphandle kokunikezelwa kweentlawulo zawo, wangena kwisixeko sase-Antwerp ngokungenangqondo kuhlaselo oloyikekayo, esenza imeko embi ekufikeni kukaDon Juan de Ostriya. ElamaDatshi.
Wathobela imiyalelo, ngokukodwa ukuqhubeka nomgaqo-nkqubo osungulwe ngu-Requesens, ngaphezu kokuzibonakalisa njengomlamli. Ngenjongo yokuba agqalwe njengerhuluneli, ukongezelela kwisibakala sokuba abavukeli baya kuyihlonela inkolelo yakhe yonqulo. Wavuma ukuvumela imikhosi yakhe, ithatha isithathu esidala ukuya eSpain, okanye ngenye indlela eLombardy, ngendlela efanayo yokuthobela i-Flemish faculties.
Watyobela i-Perpetual Edict ngoFebruwari 17, 1577. Ngenyanga kaMeyi, iziganeko kwakucingelwa ukuba zizolile, waza uDon Juan waba nethuba lokungena eBrussels ngeloyiso.
Kwimeko ezolileyo nezolileyo, uDon Juan waseOstriya walangazelela ukubuyela eMadrid ukuze axubushe ngombandela waseNgilani. Ngenyanga kaJuni ngo-1577 wathumela unobhala wakhe, u-Escobedo, awayethembele kuye ngokupheleleyo ukuze ngokungenelela kuka-Antonio Pérez abuyele eSpeyin, okanye engaphumeleli ukuba abe nenkxaso yokuhlasela iNgilani.
Ukumkani, ngaphambi kwale nyaniso, akazange avume ukubuyela eSpeyin kadon Juan de Austria. Ngelo xesha, izinto zazimbi ngakumbi eFlanders. Ngenyanga kaJulayi 1577, udon Juan de Austria wasaphula isivumelwano kwaye wasusa imikhosi yaseNamur ngamaJamani. Ngenyanga ka-Agasti, wanika imiyalelo yokubuyiswa kweTercios eyayiseMilan, ukuba ngenkxaso yeenqanawa zase-Indies, ezafika eSeville ngenyanga ka-Agasti ka-1577, ukumkani wayenemali eyaneleyo yokwenza ikhontrakthi. hlawula.
Ngenyanga kaSeptemba, uWilliam waseOrange, ilungu leNdlu yaseNassau, wanikezela umyalelo wakhe: uyavuma ukunikezela yonke imimandla, agunyazise imikhosi ukuba ihambe eLuxembourg. Ngaphandle kokulinda isicelo, u-don Juan wayenomdla ekufikeni kwesithathu, owayephantsi kolawulo lomhlobo wakhe omdala kunye nomtshana ogama linguAlejandro Farnesio.
Imihla yakhe yokugqibela yobomi
Ukufika kwesithathu kwavumela uDon Juan ukuba aqalise uhlaselo lomkhosi. NgoJanuwari 31, 1578, uTercios omdala watshabalalisa i-Estates General kwingxabano yaseGembloux, eyabavumela ukuba bafumane ininzi ye-Southern Netherlands ukuba bathobele ukumkani kwakhona, ngaphezu kokubuyisela iLuxembourg kunye neBrabant.
Yayiluloyiso olunqabileyo. Ngephanyazo waba sengxakini kuba wayengenamali. Kanye njengoko kwenzeka ukuba imikhosi emibini yahlasela iFlanders yaseSpain: isiFrentshi esasiphantsi komyalelo kaDuke Anjou, owasuka eMzantsi wathatha uMons; ngelixa elinye laliphantsi kolawulo lukaJuan Casimir, kunye nenkxaso-mali kaKumkanikazi uElizabeth waseNgilani, okwenzeka eMpuma.
UDon Juan wase-Austria ucela unobhala wakhe, u-Escobedo, owayeseSpeyin, ukuba alawule ukudluliselwa kwemali. KwiiBhunga kaRhulumente kunye neMfazwe, iDuke yase-Alba yalumkisa malunga nemeko eyingozi ngenxa yokuba wayengenayo indoda okanye imali.
Ebudeni bale meko, ukubulawa kuka-Escobedo kwenziwa, isiganeko esenzeka ngoMatshi 31, 1578. Okwangoku, imbali iqinisekisa ukuba yayicetywe nguAntonio Pérez ngokugunyaziswa ngukumkani, owathi uyimfuneko yolongamo.
Izizathu ezichanekileyo zonobhala ukucenga ukumkani azicaci, nangona kunjalo, ababhali-mbali bathi akukho mathandabuzo ukuba wayenokuba nenxaxheba ekunyolukeleni kukaYohane waseOstriya kwaye mhlawumbi wathatha inyathelo ngokwakhe ukuhlasela iNgilani, okanye Ukusilela oko, wayeza kujoyina abavukeli baseDatshi, okanye ukuba abuyele eSpain, ukuyalela imikhosi ukuba ithathe indawo kaPhilip II.
Ibali lixelela ukuba akukho mibhalo ebonisa ngaloo maxesha, ulwazi lwemihla ecacileyo kwezinye izinto ezinokwenzeka, kwada kwaba ngunyaka we-1578, xa usizi oluphambili lukaDon Juan de Austria, lwalumalunga nokunyanzeliswa kwesigxina se-imperiousness. imikhosi kunye nemali yokuqalisa imfazwe eFlanders.
Emva kokuba efumene malunga nokufa kukanobhala wakhe, u-don Juan, uthumela ileta kukumkani, apho umxelela ukuba uyasiqonda eso siganeko, kwaye uyavuma ukuba aqhubeke elinde ukuqiniswa okuvela eSpeyin.
Kwimibhalo kadon Juan, kwacaca ukuba wayethetha ngemeko yakhe yokudandatheka eyayimgubungele ngelo xesha lasehlotyeni, kwangaxeshanye isifo esasisaziwa ngokuba yityphus okanye i-typhoid fever, saphinda sambopha umzimba wakhe kwakhona. Ngeentsuku ezithile kuye kwafuneka ukuba aphumle egumbini lakhe. Kodwa, ngelishwa, impilo yakhe yaya isanda kwaye yaphuka, ngoko wayegula kakhulu ekupheleni kukaSeptemba, ngelixa wayekwinkampu yakhe e-Namur.
NgoSeptemba 28, wamisela umntu oza kungena ezihlangwini zakhe ukuba ammele phambi korhulumente waseNetherlands, umtshana wakhe uAlejandro Farnesio. Wathumela unxibelelwano olubhaliweyo kumntakwabo, apho wamcenga ukuba ahloniphe ukumiselwa, kwaye avume ukungcwatywa noyise.
Wafa ngosuku olufana no-Oktobha 1, 1578. UAlejandro Farnesio wangena esikhundleni sakhe njengerhuluneli. Iintsalela zikaDon Juan de Austria, zatshintshelwa eSpain, kwaye zikwimonki yaseSan Lorenzo de El Escorial.
Ingcwaba lakhe lijikelezwe ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo othe tye, onobuhle obuthile, omele iqhawe elinxibe isikrweqe, kwaye njengento enomdla, kufuneka yongezwe ukuba ekubeni engazange afele ekulweni, uboniswa ngaphandle kweentambo. .
Umsebenzi ofanayo wenziwa nguPonzano waseZaragoza kwaye wakrola kwimarble yaseCarrara ngokungenelela komdwebi wase-Italiya uGiuseppe Galeotti.
Ubomi bakho bothando
Ababhali-mbali banamhlanje babonisa uDon Juan waseOstriya njengomfana oselula onomtsalane kunye nesivumelwano esimnandi. Ininzi imicimbi yothando eyabelwe yena.
Ebudeni bobomi bakhe wayenobuhlobo obusenyongweni nentombi yase-Éboli, ukuze abe nobudlelwane noMaría de Mendoza, ngenxa yolo lwalamano bakhulelwa intombazana eyazalwa ngonyaka we-1567, ogama linguAna.
UDon Juan wanikezela ngokukhuliswa kwentombazana kuDoña Magdalena de Ulloa. Kamva, intombazana yasiwa kwi-convent yaseMadrigal, eyathatha inxaxheba "kwi-confectioner yaseMadrigal".
Ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe eNaples, kwiminyaka elandela uloyiso lweLepanto, waba nobudlelwane noDiana de Falangola, awathi wakhulelwa intombazana egama linguJuana, owafika ehlabathini ngoSeptemba 11, 1573, kunye nokufa kwakhe. ngoFebruwari 7, 1630.
Intombazana uJuana yaphathiswa ukunyamekela udadewabo uMargarita. Watshintshelwa kwikhaya loonongendi baseSanta Clara eNaples. Kamva udon Juan uhlobene ngothando noZenobia Saratosia, awakhawula naye unyana, esifa ekuzalweni kwakhe; emva koko ihlobene noAna de Toledo, owayengumfazi kasodolophu waseNeapolitan.
Uvavanyo
Ngokweengcamango zomphandi wembali ogama linguManuel Fernández Álvarez, ugcina ukuba uDon Juan wase-Austria "mhlawumbi ngoyena mntu unomtsalane kwinkundla yasePhilippine."
Wayeyindoda exatyiswe kakhulu ngabantu bexesha lakhe, enobuhlobo bomtshana wakhe iNkosana uCharles, kunye nenkxaso yomtshana wakhe uAlejandro Farnese. Njengoloyiso kunye noloyiso lweLepanto, waba nodumo kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Umbhali-mbali uPierson uthi abantu bexesha elifanayo babengaqinisekanga ukuba "wayeyikrele okanye igosa laseburhulumenteni", kwaye ugqiba kwelokuba mhlawumbi wadlala indima yabo bobabini. Kwintsimi yakhe yezempi, inxaxheba yakhe kwidabi laseAlpujarras ivelele, kwaye uloyiso olufunyenwe eLepanto.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwakhe kwezopolitiko akuphandwanga kakhulu, ngakumbi kwindawo yediplomacy eyaphuhliswa eLombardy, kunye ne-Italiya kakhulu. Apho wafumana uloyiso oluncinane eNetherlands, indawo apho imekobume yayintsonkothile kakhulu, waziva elikheswa yaye engenazo izinto zezoqoqosho nezinto eziphathekayo.
Ugxekwa ngokucotha kwakhe ekufikeni, nangona efumene imiyalelo echanekileyo yokufudukela kummandla, ekukholelwa ukuba uye wathintela ukuhlaselwa kwe-Antwerp yimikhosi yaseSpain.
Kulwalamano lwakhe nomntakwabo uFelipe II, ikhwele awayenalo ukumkani ngenxa yokubawa kwakhe ngokusisigxina liyabonakala. Ngaphandle koku, impatho yakhe kuye yayikukumamkela njengelungu elinye losapho lwasebukhosini, elijoyina, naphambi kwezikhulu zaseSpain, ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo yoluntu. Akazange athathwe njengentsana yaseSpain, kwaye akazange aphathwe njenge "Highness", nangona kunjalo, waphathwa njenge "Excelentísimo Señor"
UDon Juan waseOstriya kuncwadi
UDon Juan waseOstriya, iqhawe lembali, owakhokela ubomi obujikelezwe ziziganeko ezinkulu, owafa eselula, akungabazeki ukuba uya kuba ngumfanekiso ovela kwiincwadi zembali ezibalulekileyo.
Apha ngezantsi kukho eminye yemisebenzi apho lo mlinganiswa ubalaseleyo avela khona, eyile:
Umbongo odumileyo waseOstriya. Umbhali uJuan Rufo
I-Crusader yokugqibela: Ubomi bukaDon Juan wase-Austria. Umbhali uLouis de Wohl
Jeromin inoveli. Umbhali uLuis Coloma
UDon Juan waseOstriya okanye iVocation. Comedy nguMariano José de Larra
Umbongo weLepanto epic. Umbhali uGK Chesterton, waguqulelwa nguJorge Luis Borges, kwiSpanish.
Unyaka we-1962, iNoveli Bomarzo. Umbhali uManuel Mujica Lainez. Isahluko ILepanto Yam
Unyaka we-1990, Utyelelo ngexesha. Umbhali uArturo Uslar Pietri. Inoveli eyaphumelela imbasa yeRómulo Gallegos ngo-1992.
Kunyaka we-1994, uJuan de Austria, iqhawe lentsomi. Umbhali uJuan Manuel González Cremona. Iplanethi yoHlelo, eBarcelona.
Unyaka wama-2003, uJuan de Austria, inoveli yamabhongo. Umbhali Angel Martinez Pons.
Unyaka wama-2005, Indoda yendalo. Umbhali waseHungary uLaszlo Passuth. UHlelo lweAltera SL
Unyaka wama-2009, mna, uJuan de Austria, i-autobiographical fiction. Umbhali uJoaquin Javaloys. eStyria. Ushicilelo, Barcelona.
Inomdla wokungcwatywa kukaDon Juan waseOstriya
Ngokuqinisekileyo, onke amaqhawe adumileyo embali, akuba efile, angcwatywa ngamawonga, ubukhazikhazi nobunewunewu.
Kwimeko esisikhathazayo, uDon Juan de Austria, malunga nomlwi kunye ne-charismatic, iqhawe laseLepanto, abathi abanye abanolwazi bathi ukufa kwakhe kungenxa yesiganeko esibuhlungu eFlanders, ngelixa ukuhamba kwakhe kwi-Escorial kwakunamarokhethi. kunye nebhendi yomculo ekhatshwayo.
Ibali lixelela ukuba uDon Juan de Austria, wasweleka eNamur, eFlanders, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiBelgium, ngo-Okthobha woku-1, 1578, ngenxa yesifo setyphus okanye isifo setyphoid, kwaye kamva wasiwa kwiPantheon yeintsana zaseSan Lorenzo del Escorial, apho wafumana khona intsholongwane kaGawulayo. wangcwatywa ngembeko sisihlwele esikhulu.
Nangona kunjalo, ababhali-mbali baxela ukuba ukufa komlinganiswa wembali kwenzeka kwi-dovecote ehlanjululwe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye babaleka ukuyibamba, kwaye yayihonjiswe ngama-tapestries, amakhethini emaphethelweni eNamur, apho yayizenza ngathi iqulathe abavukeli. ngokuchasene namaSpanish awayetshabalalisa iFlanders, kwaye kuyabonakala ukuba yayiyindawo ephazamisekileyo.
Kwakusaziwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba uhlaselo lwetyphus lwahlasela uninzi lwabaphathi, kodwa, ngenxa yokufun’ ukwazi, bonke baphiliswa ngaphandle kwakhe, kodwa, ngokucacileyo ngokwebali elisemthethweni, washiya ngasemva echaza ukuba uDon Juan waphathwa sisifo esaziwayo. ihemorrhoids eyanyangwa ngoogqirha abasemsebenzini ngendlela engachanekanga.
Kuye kwathi qatha into yokuba bagqobhoze ngomsintsi, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba wophe kakhulu kwiplani yeTrevi Fountain, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba afe ngaphambi kokuba abe neminyaka engama-30 ubudala, kodwa kwaba lula yaye kwanesidima ngakumbi kubo ukuvakalisa ukuba ubulewe ngumkhuhlane. ., ngaphambi kokuba i-hemorrhoid inganyangeki kakuhle.
Iminqweno kaDon Juan de Austria ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe kukuba angcwatywe ePanteón de los Infantes de El Escorial, nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba wayedume ngokuba ngumlo kwaye umntakwabo, uKumkani uFelipe II, wayengamthembi kunye namaqabane akhe, yena. wagqiba kwelokuba wangcwatyelwa eNamur, ngembeko evela kwimikhosi eyayixatyiswe kakhulu.
Emva kweenyanga ezintlanu, uFelipe II wagunyazisa ukuba amathambo akhe asiwe e-El Escorial, kodwa, ngokufihlakeleyo kunye nokugcinwa, kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukumkani waqhubeka nemisebenzi yakhe yokuzonwabisa, ngelixa isidumbu sikaDon Juan, ngenxa yomntakwabo ongekho mthethweni, sasimkhathaza, ngoko ugqiba ekubeni ayalele isidumbu sakhe ukuba sigrunjwe ukuze siqholwe, kwaye silungiselele uhambo olude.
Isidumbu sasilungiswe ngendlela ekhethekileyo, baze bathi banqunyulwa babe ngamaqhekeza amathathu, awayeza kulungiswa xa befika apho besisiya khona. Ke, lathi lakufika ixesha lokungcwatywa, umzimba wawuboniswa ngaphakathi kwi-urn evaliweyo ngaphandle kohlengahlengiso, owawushukunyiswa ngehashe.
Kwandula ke, kwinyanga emva kokuba besusiwe kwicawa yonqulo, ngoMatshi 18, 1579, baqalisa ukubuyela eSpeyin behamba ngeenyawo namasalela kaDon Juan kunye nekhomishini ekhethekileyo eyayiqulunqwe ngabantu abamalunga nama-80 ababengenanto yakwenza nokubona.
E-Namur baya eNantes eFransi kwaye ukusuka kule ndawo bathabatha isikhephe esasibayisa eSantander, ekubeni kulo mmandla, baphinda baqalisa umngcelele odakumbileyo nothe cwaka owawusingise kwiAbbey yasePárraces, eSegovia, leyo ngokungummangaliso emva kokuba lusizi. uhambo olungcwele kunye nengwevu, yaba sisenzo esinembeko kunye nobunewunewu.
Ikhomishini enkulu yasebukhosini yayibalindile apho bonke abantu ababalulekileyo nabanegunya kwinkundla yasebukhosini babekho. Phakathi kwabo babekho, oosodolophu, abefundisi, iimonki zase-El Escorial, amaqhawe, nabanye abaninzi, kuquka unobhala kakumkani nobhishophu ka-Ávila ephelekwa ligqiza lakhe, bonke bekunye baphuma ngomngcelele kunye nentsalela kadon Juan de Austria, zilungiswe zafakwa ngaphakathi kwebhokisi eneminyango emibini.
Yatshintshwa ibanjelwe emoyeni ngendlela emalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-60, eyahlula i-abbey yasePàrraces kwi-El Escorial. Le komishoni yayisongeza abantu abaninzi ngakumbi kwidolophu nganye ababedlula kuyo, njengoko kwakusekwa uhambo olukhulu, kanye xa kwakungcwatywa ePanteón de Infantes de El Escorial, ngoMeyi 25, 1579.
Ukugqiba, asinako ukusilela ukubika kwakhona ukuba umntakwabo uFelipe II wayengakuthembi ukungcatshwa ngumntakwabo uDon Juan, owathi, ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kukanobhala wakhe, u-Antonio Pérez, owathi waba liqhinga lokwenyani lomsebenzi.
Ngelixa wayemthembile, uDon Juan waseOstriya nayo yonke into eyayimngqongile yayibonakala ingamthembi, nangona kunjalo, xa uPhilip II etyhila lo monakalo, ubona ukunyaniseka kolweyiseko lukaDon Juan, athe ekugqibeleni wasombulula ngalo, umnike konke. amawonga asebukhosini ekungcwatyweni kwakhe okugqibeleleyo.