La Uncwadi lwaseLatin America, yayisekelwe kuzo zonke iinkalo zoncwadi zoMntla Merika, uMzantsi Merika nakuMbindi Merika. Ngokukodwa, leyo yaziwa emva kombindi wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, de yafikelela kwinto eyaziwayo namhlanje.
Uncwadi lweLatin American: Elements
Uncwadi lweSpanishi-Amerika luyilwe ngabo bonke abantu abanemvelaphi yolwimi lweSpanishi. Yenza inxalenye yoMntla Merika, uMzantsi Merika, uMbindi Merika kunye neCaribbean. Ke ngoko, konke kubhalo loncwadi oluphantsi kolwimi lweSpanish.
Ikakhulu uncwadi lwaseLatin America, oluphawuleka kwizinto zoncwadi ezenziwe ukusuka kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Yintoni esithatha kancinci kancinci kwinto ebhaliweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Historia
Imbali yoncwadi lwaseLatin America, iqale ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu. Ngokukodwa phantsi kwexesha apho eli lizwekazi lafumana uloyiso. Ngoko ke, yahlulwe kakhulu phantsi kwamaxesha amane.
Ixesha lokuqala libizwa ngokuba yiKoloniyali, esekwe kwizixhobo ezifanayo kakhulu nezabhalwa yiSpanish. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezinxulumene nokuzimela zabonwa, ezaqala kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Emva koku, kukho ixesha lesibini, elalisekelwe ikakhulu kwimixholo yokuthand’ izwe ngokupheleleyo. Kuba yayibala kwixesha lokudityaniswa kwesizwe elafika emva kwexesha elalisekelwe kulawulo, ubukoloniyali kunye nokuxhalabela inkululeko.
Inqanaba lesibini lagqama ngokuba ne-boom enkulu. Oku kwavumela ukuba ifikelele ekuvuthweni, ithatha uphuhliso lwayo kude kube ngu-1910. Okukhokelela ekubeni thina njengama-Hispanics sibe nendawo ebalulekileyo phantsi kweenkalo abazithatha njengezibalulekileyo kuncwadi lwehlabathi.
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ukucaciswa koncwadi ukuba ilizwe ngalinye elithathwa njengeLatin America linalo, yinxalenye yeqela le-harmonic. Konke oku, nangona kukho iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kwizinto zelizwe ngalinye.
ixesha lobukoloniyali
Imvelaphi yemisebenzi yoncwadi lwaseLatin America, iyinxalenye yesithethe esizisa uncwadi lwaseSpain, kunye neekoloni ezisekelwe phesheya kolwandle.
Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba sithathele ingqalelo ababhali bokuqala baseMelika, njengejoni elizalwa eSpeyin kunye nembongi uAlonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, owayengumdali weLa Araucana.
Oku kusekelwe kwinto eyenzekayo ekuthinjweni kwabantu base-Araucanian abavela eChile, bequlunqwe yiSpanish. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ngeli xesha iHlabathi Elitsha lalingekaxutyushwa ngokubanzi.
Ngendlela efanayo, amadabi kunye, kwakhona, ubuKristu bugxininiswe, ngenjongo yokuzalisa eli zwekazi litsha elifunyenweyo kunye nezithethe zabanqobi. Onke la madabi abangela ukuba kungakhuliswa isihobe esineengoma zebali liphuhliswe ngokuchanekileyo.
Emva kokuba zonke ezi zinto zibangela ukuba uncwadi lweLatin America lwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu, ukuba izinto zalo zivelele. Ikakhulu kwimiba egqame ngokuba yi-didactic kwaye iqulathe iprozi kunye neekronike.
Phakathi kweyona misebenzi ibalaseleyo yimbali yokoyiswa kweNew Spain, eyenziwa ngowe-1632. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngumoyisi nombhali-mbali wemvelaphi yaseSpain uBernal Díaz del Castillo.
Ngokufanayo, umhloli kunye noHernán Cortés waseSpain wathathelwa ingqalelo. Ukongeza kule nto, iinxalenye ezimbini zembali ye-Inca, evela ePeru, eyazisa ukunqotshwa kweSpeyin, ibalasele kakhulu. Konke oku kuvela kumbhali-mbali wemvelaphi yasePeru ogama linguGarcilaso de la Vega, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-Inca.
Ukubhalwa kweLatin American
Uncwadi lwaseLatin America lubalasele ngemisebenzi yalo yokuqala eyinxalenye yeholo yeqonga, efuna ukumela isiphelo sehlabathi, eyenzelwe ngowe-1533. Olu yayiluhlobo lothutho loncwadi oluqhelekileyo lokuguqulwa kwabemi bomthonyama bala mazwe.
Lo mbhalo wawusekelwe kumoya weRenaissance wamaSpanish. Ngendlela efanayo, azama ukulusiphula neengcambu unqulo kuloo mmandla. Esekwe kwixesha lobukoloniyali. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba abona bantu basasaza inkcubeko yayizezonqulo, phantsi kwemisebenzi efana neyabathunywa bevangeli kunye nababhali-mbali abaqhelekileyo bemisebenzi yaseDominican kaBartolomé de Las Casas, owasasaza umsebenzi wakhe kulo lonke elaseSanto Domingo.
Ngokufanayo, umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga uHernán González de Eslava, wayefuna ukusasaza inkcubeko yaseSpeyin kulo lonke elaseMexico. Kwakhona imbongi edumileyo yemvelaphi yasePeru eyazalelwa eSpain, ebizwa ngokuba nguDiego de Hojeda, njengoko wayefuna ukubalisa amabali oncwadi. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba iMexico kunye neLima ngoko yayiziinkunzi ze-viceroyalties zeNew Spain nePeru. Yintoni eyakhokelela ekubeni babe ngamaziko engqondo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe.
Uphuhliso loncwadi lwaseLatin America
Bonke ababhali baseLatin America, nangona babeneempawu ezifana neSpeyin, benza imizobo yayo. Onke amabali oncwadi lwe-Hispano-American ane-erudition, umsitho kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, ubugcisa.
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba abantu bomthonyama bahlala bekwazi ukubetha abo banemvelaphi yaseSpain. Ukushiya ngasemva eyona baroque eqhelekileyo yaseYurophu. Emva koko, le nkqubo ibonisa ngokuchanekileyo yonke intsimi yoncwadi lwe-Hispanic American. Ukushiya ngasemva imisebenzi eyenziwe ngababhali bemidlalo yaseSpain.
Okubalulekileyo ngeli xesha loncwadi lwaseLatin America, nguPedro Calderón de la Barca, owayeyimbongi kwaye wayenemvelaphi yaseSpain. ULuis de Góngora usekwe kwimveliso yoncwadi kwindawo nganye yeSpanishi.
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ezona mbongi zidumileyo zenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yayiyiLatin American, uJuana Inés de la Cruz, owayengunongendi wemvelaphi yaseMexico. Wayenenkathalo yokubhala ithiyetha kwiindinyana, ngokukodwa phantsi kwemibandela yonqulo, njengemeko yokubhalwa kwesakramente ngokuzenzekela.
Narcissus kaThixo
Yenzelwe i-1688, esekelwe kwizinto zehlabathi. Lo wayejongene nokwenza imibongo ekukhuseleni abasetyhini kunye ne-autobiographical, eyayisenziwa phantsi kweprose, apho wayechaza ukuba yintoni umdla wakhe.
Ibonise izinto ezisa izimbo ukusuka kwintlekisa ukuya kwinyani. Ekubeni wayeloyisa ngokupheleleyo uncwadi lweSpanish, kungolu hlobo lufikelela kwiLizwe Elitsha ngaphandle kwengxaki.
Kungale ndlela ke apho amabali asekelwe kwingqokelela ye-satirical efana ne-Diente de Parnaso, efana nembongi yasePeruvia uJuan del Valle Caviedes, avele. Kunye nenoveli ethi Amashwa ayenziwe nguAlonso Ramírez, ngaloo ndlela eqaqambisa imbongi yobuntu yemvelaphi yaseMexico uCarlos Sigüenza y Góngora.
Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba eSpeyin indlu yaseBourbon yatshintshwa yiHabsburg, oku kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Le meko yenza ukuba amathanga akwazi ukufumana uncwadi. Apho bekukho izigwebo ngamanye amaxesha kwaye abanye bengekho.
Babeneempawu zoncwadi lwesiFrentshi. Yintoni enokubonwa phantsi kokwamkelwa kwe-neoclassicism. Ngendlela efanayo, ibonwa phantsi kokwandiswa kwemfundiso yomzekeliso.
Kungale ndlela ke apho umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga uPeralta Barnuevo wemvelaphi yasePeruvia, wenza imidlalo yohlobo lwethiyetha phantsi kweempembelelo zamaFrentshi.
Abanye ababhali
Kwakukho ababhali abanjengoFrancisco Eugenio de Santa Cruz, imvelaphi yase-Ecuadorian, kunye no-Antonio Nariño, owayengumKholombiya, owaphembelela ukunyuka kweengcamango zenguqu eziqhelekileyo zaseFransi, ezenziwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane.
Kungale ndlela amaziko amatsha agxile kuncwadi lwe-Hispano-American aphunyezwa kwinqanaba lesibini. Njengoko kwakunjalo eQuito e-Ecuador, eKholombiya ngokukhethekileyo eBogotá naseCaracas eVenezuela. Emva koku, kwaphuhliswa uphuhliso olukhulu loncwadi eBuenos Aires eArgentina.
Yintoni eyakhokelela ekubeni iindawo ezikhankanywe ngasentla zigqithise amakomkhulu amadala ama-viceroyalties. Ukukhokelela ezi ndawo ukuba zivelele inkcubeko yazo, indalo kunye noshicilelo loncwadi lwaseLatin America. Ngale ndlela, uncwadi lweSpanish lwawa kancinci kancinci kulo mmandla welizwekazi.
Ixesha lokuzimela
Eli nqanaba lokuzimela lize nenani elikhulu lemibhalo enxulumene nezinto zokuthand' izwe. Apho bagxininise kwimisebenzi eyenziwa phantsi kweeparamitha zesihobe.
Ngokufanayo, ingxelo inokujongwa ngamaxesha athile. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba le nkqubo ihlolwe, de kube ngumzuzu apho isithsaba saseSpain saqala ukukhula. Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba ngo-1816, inoveli yokuqala yemvelaphi yaseLatin America ngokupheleleyo yabhalwa kwaye yapapashwa.
ISarniento periquillo
Eli bali libhalwe yintatheli yemvelaphi yaseMexico uJosé Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi. Ubalisa ngezenzo eziye zenziwa ngumlinganiswa oyintloko. Apho unokubona ngenkcazo, inani elikhulu lemihlaba eyenze ubomi phakathi kwekholoni. Ethi yona ijonge ukugxekwa okugqunyiweyo kuluntu.
Kuyaphawuleka ukugcina engqondweni ukuba kuncwadi lweSpanishi-Amerika, ezopolitiko zabumba inxalenye enkulu yeempembelelo zayo. Ingakumbi ngexesha lenkululeko, ekubeni ababhali bagqiba kwelokuba bathabathe izikhundla ezifanayo nezo zeRiphabliki yamandulo eRoma. Ukwenza kucace ukubaluleka kokuzimela kommandla waseLatin America.
Ukususela ekuqaleni, ababhali bavakalisa inkxalabo eyenziwa yi-costumbrismo eqhelekileyo yenyani. Ngokufanayo, kukho intetho yezinto ezinomdla ezinxulumene nemilinganiselo yentlalo kunye nokujika i-domain yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
iimbongi
Iimbongi ezininzi kunye nababhali, njengenkokeli yezopolitiko yemvelaphi yase-Ecuadorian uJosé Joaquín Olmeda, bancome ubunkokeli bomkhululi waseVenezuela kunye noguquko uSimón Bolívar. Ngokukodwa kumbongo wakhe uVictoria de Junín, owenzelwe i1825.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imbongi, umgxeki kunye nomfundi wemvelaphi yaseVenezuela u-Andrés Bello, wachaza ubuhle beendawo ezifudumeleyo kwi-silva, kunye nezolimo eziphuhliswe kwi-torrid zone, ngo-1826. yimbongi yamandulo yemvelaphi yaseRoma uVirgil.
Ngokufanayo, uJosé María Heredia waseCuba, owayeyimbongi, uqhubeka nokulindela uthando, ebhala imibongo efana ne-Al Niágara ngo-1824, awayenzayo xa efika e-United States.
Ngendlela efanayo, kumzantsi phakathi konyaka we-1824, isibongo esingaziwa imvelaphi edumileyo iqala ukukhula. Oku kwachukumisa imiba yezopolitiko phantsi kophuhliso lwe-gauchos yommandla waseLa Plata.
Ixesha lokuhlanganisa
Ixesha lokudityaniswa koncwadi lwaseLatin America luhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nophuhliso lweeriphabliki ezintsha. Kungale ndlela ke eyathi impembelelo yajoliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo kuncwadi olwaluphathwa eFransi. Ngokuyinxenye bekushiya oko kwakufundwe kuncwadi lwaseSpeyin. Ngalo lonke ixesha ushiya njengophawu lobuqu umdla wommandla ophethwe ngabadali bayo.
Iifom ze-neoclassical ngokupheleleyo, eziqhelekileyo zenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, zaye zasetyenziswa, ezivumela uthando ukuba lukhule kumazwe aseLatin America. Inkqubo yoncwadi, elawula ukuqonda zonke izinto ezinxulumene nepanorama yeenkcubeko zase-Hispanic.
Oku kwaba nexesha elimalunga nesiqingatha senkulungwane elaqala ngokuthe ngqo. Ngexesha le-1830. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba amazwe afana neArgentina abe nethuba lokuphuhlisa i-Franco-European romanticism, ngo-Esteban Echeverría. NjengaseMexico, eyona nto yayisasaza le ntshukumo imangalisayo.
Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuphuhlisa isithethe se-Hispanic realism. Eye yaphuhliswa ngokuqhubekayo ngemisebenzi ebizwa ngokuba yi-costumbristas. Babejongene nokuphuhlisa imixholo echaza izithethe zasekuhlaleni ekuthethwa ngazo.
ukumanyaniswa kwezoqoqosho
Ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko, okuphunyezwe ngemizabalazo eqhelekileyo yelo xesha, kuvumeleke ukuba kuveliswe imisebenzi ephefumlelwe ziimeko ezifunyanwa ngababhali abahlukeneyo.
Ngesi sizathu, kufuneka kukhankanyiwe ukuba indlela olwaphathwa ngayo uhlobo lothando lwaluphawuleka ngokupheleleyo, ngakumbi eArgentina. Konke oku emva kokugxothwa kwabaninzi ababechasa ulawulo ukusuka kwi-1829 ukuya ku-1852, uJuan Manuel de Rosas, owaba nguzwilakhe.
Olu hlobo lwababhali lwaba nefuthe kubabhali baseChile naseUruguay. Ukongeza ku-Echeverría, uJosé Mármol, owayengumbhali wenoveli efihlakeleyo ngokupheleleyo ebizwa ngokuba ngu-Amalia, eyenziwe yaza yapapashwa ngowe-1851, ubalasele.
Ngokukwanjalo, babalaselisa umsebenzi womfundisi-ntsapho, owayeza kuba ngumongameli waseArgentina kamva, uDomingo Faustino Sarmiento. Ngubani oqhube izifundo zebhayografi kunye nezentlalo, ezichaza impucuko kunye nebarbarism ngokwaneleyo. Apho iingxaki eziphambili ze-Hispanics zavezwa khona, zibalaselisa umahluko phakathi kwemeko yabo yamandulo kunye nefuthe eliziswa ngabemi baseYurophu.
Phuhliso
E-Argentina, iingoma ze-gaucho bards zazigqamile. Yintoni eyavumela iimbongi ezifundileyo ukuba zivelele kwiincwadi zaseLatin America, njengoko kunjalo kwimeko kaHilario Ascasubi noJosé Hernández. Baqhubela phambili nokulungelelanisa imixholo ebalaseleyo, ukwenza imibongo ye-gaucho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMartín Fierro de Hernández uzama ukucacisa ukulungelelaniswa okunzima kokuziphendukela kwempucuko. Yintoni eyabangela ukuba imibhalo yakhe ibe yiklasikhi yesizwe. Ewe, iphonononge imixholo edityaniswe ngokupheleleyo ne-gauchos enokuba yinxalenye yethiyetha ngendlela efanayo nengxelo, ngakumbi kumazwe afana neArgentina, iBrazil kunye neUruguay.
Izibongo phakathi kwezinye iindawo zelizwekazi lase-Hispanic laseMelika zazingenazo iimpawu ezifanayo zengingqi. Nangona kunjalo, balawula ngokugqibeleleyo i-romanticism, apho imeko yenkcubeko yelo xesha yayigxininiswe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngelo xesha, iimbongi eziye zafumana indumiso kakhulu yayizezo zemvelaphi yaseCuba.
UGertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, wayengumbhali weenoveli. Kwelinye icala, uJuan Zorrilla de San Martín, inzalelwane yaseUruguay, wayebalasele ngokubalisa incwadi ebizwa ngokuba yiTabaré, eyayibalasele kumacandelo awaphuhlisayo kwimifuziselo.
Iinoveli zikwazile ukuphuhlisa ngokuvulelekileyo ngeli xesha lembali yoncwadi lwe-Hispanic American. Kusemva koku apho abalinganiswa abafana no-Alberto Blest Gana waseChile, baqhubela phambili ukwenza utshintsho alushiya ngasemva kwi-romanticism, ukufumanisa ubunyani.
Ukutyhila ngale ndlela, uluntu lwaseChile, phantsi kweendlela ezazilawulwa ngokupheleleyo ngumbhali wemvelaphi yesiFrentshi uHonoré de Balzac. Ngaphantsi kwakhe uMartín Rivas we-1862, eyenza ukuba ibe yeyona noveli ilungileyo yemvelaphi yembali yeli xesha.
Ukubuyisela kwakhona
Ngelixa uloyiso lwalusenzeka ngo-1897, uMaria wayesaziwa, nto leyo eyaqhutywa ngowe-1867, eyayibalisa ibali elineengoma, elalibalaselisa uthando olwalandwa ngokuba nekamva elibi elaphuhliswa kwintsimi endala. Oku kwenziwa nguJorge Isaacs waseColombia, owenza ibali, elibhalwe njengeyona misebenzi yothando yothando kuncwadi lwaseLatin America.
Kwelinye icala, uJuan León Mera, wazama ukwenza abantu bomthonyama belizwekazi liphela ngenoveli yakhe ebizwa ngokuba yiCumandá, eyayifakwe kwikhathalogu yokuchaza idrama phakathi kwabantu abakhohlakeleyo, eyenzelwe i-1879.
Ukongeza koku, u-Ignacio Altamira ugqame eMexico ngokufumana inyani yothando. Ngendlela efanayo, uJosé Martiniano Alencar, unquma ukuqala ngohlobo lwengingqi, ngokusebenzisa iinoveli zenkondlo, kunye ne-indianistas yeengcamango zothando. Ngokukodwa kumabali othando abalisa imbali yamaIndiya nabamhlophe. Phakathi kwaloo mabali kukho iEl Guaraní yowe-1857 ne-Iracema yowe-1865.
Kwelinye icala, ababhali beenoveli bemvelaphi yendalo babalasele. Njengoko kunjalo ngemeko ka-Eugenio Cambaceres owayeyimvelaphi yase-Argentina, kwaye waqhutywa Ngaphandle kolwalathiso olupapashwe ngo-885. Kungale ndlela imisebenzi yakhe yavela njengeenoveli zovavanyo eziqhelekileyo zombhali wemvelaphi yesiFrentshi u-Émile Zola.
ixesha elichazayo
Kwelinye icala, isincoko saba, phantsi kweli nqanaba, lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lokuthetha ngaphakathi kwamathuba eengcinga ezininzi. Yiyo loo nto uninzi lweentatheli, abalinganiswa ababelawula kwaye babenomdla kwimiba yezopolitiko, imfundo kunye nefilosofi, babe nethuba lokuziveza ngeli lizwi.
Iincwadi ezisixhenxe ze-Ecuadorian uJuan Montalvo zaziphawu ngelo xesha. Kanye kunye no-Eugenio María de Hostos, owayengumfundisi kwaye kwangaxeshanye ungumpolitiki we-liberal wasePuerto Rican, owenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo eCribe naseChile.
Kwangokunjalo uRicardo Palma uqhubela phambili nokwenza uhlobo lweembali ezibalisayo kunye nezembali ezazithathwa njengezingaqhelekanga ngokupheleleyo ezazilawula zonke ezibizwa ngokuba zizithethe zasePeruvia.
I-Modernism, kwelinye icala, yaba yintshukumo eyavumela uhlaziyo olupheleleyo loncwadi lwe-Hispano-American. Oko kwakunokwenziwa ebudeni bowe-1880. Oku kwakuthandwa ngenxa yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho nezobupolitika iiriphabliki ezikuMbindi Merika eza nazo. Kwakunye noxolo nempumelelo eyaqala ukulawula kubo.
Kweli nqanaba kwakukho izinto eziphawulekayo ezazifuna ukubonisa ukubaluleka kobuhle kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa boncwadi lwaseLatin America. Yintoni ekhokelele kubabhali abaphuhliswe phantsi kwezikhokelo zale mihla basasaza izinto zenkcubeko yecosmopolitan ezaphenjelelwa ngokupheleleyo bubuhle obuvela eYurophu.
I-Parnassianism, eqhelekileyo yaseFransi, yayiphathwa, kunye nesimboli. Apho iziqalelo zamandulo zagqama, kwanemiba enxulumene nabemi bomthonyama, kunye nabasemzini.
Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba abo babhali bathathela ingqalelo abantu banamhlanje abaphuhliswe njengeembongi. Yintoni ebakhokeleyo ikakhulu ekwenzeni izinto ezivele ngokupheleleyo kwiprozi. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuphuhlisa iprose yaseSpanishi, ukuhlaziya ngokupheleleyo imibongo eyayisaziwa kude kube ngoko.
Imvelelo
Owaqala ngokufuduswa koncwadi lwaseLatin America yayinguManuel González Prada, owayengowasePeru. Wakhula njengombhali wezincoko owayeneentshukumo ezinkulu zoncwadi lwentlalo. Oku, emva koko, kuqhutywe iimvavanyo ezilungileyo zobuhle.
Kwelinye icala, imbongi kunye nomsasazi wemvelaphi yaseCuba uJosé Martí ugqamile, kunye noJulián del Casal, owayeseCuba. Ukongeza kule nto, kwakukho u-Mexican Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera kunye noColombian uJosé Asunción Silva. Kwelinye icala, ummi waseNicaragua, uRubén Darío, owabalasela ngobubanzi obungakumbi. Kuba uye wapapasha iProse Prose ngo-1896.
Ngale ndlela, uRubén Darío waba ngumntu oyintloko onoxanduva lokufikelela kwintshukumo ukuya kwincopho yayo. Umxube weentshukumo zokulinga unokubonwa kwimisebenzi yakhe. Ngaloo ndlela ibalaselisa ukuphelelwa lithemba kunye novuyo lwe-metaphysical. Olu hlobo lwenkalo lunokubonwa kwiCantos de la vida y esperanza yowe-1905. Lo mbhali ubalaseleyo, njengamaqabane akhe, wayefuna ukuguqulela ulwimi lwesiSpanishi esebenzisa imibongo eqhelekileyo kuloo mmandla.
ukubhala kwabantu abadala
Ababhali abanjengoLeopoldo Lugones waseArgentina kunye no-Enrique González Martínez waseMexico bafunyanwa kwincopho yokuvuthwa. Ngubani oye waphawula iinkalo zokuguquguquka, eziphuhlise ngokupheleleyo i-modernism esondeleyo. Ukuqaqambisa imiba yentlalo kunye neyeenqobo ezisesikweni ngemibongo.
Kwelinye icala, uJosé Enrique Rodó waseUruguay, wafuna ukubonelela ngemilinganiselo emitsha yezinto zobugcisa, esebenzisa izincoko ezifana nencwadi yakhe ethi Ariel ukususela ngowe-1900. Oku kungenxa yokuba wayila iindlela zokomoya ngokupheleleyo ezazibonisa ulutsha lwalo maxesha.
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukugqamisa uManuel Díaz Rodríguez, wemvelaphi yaseVenezuela, oqhubeka ebhala uSangre Patricia ngo-1902. U-Enrique Larreta, waseArgentina, wabhala uLa Gloria de Don Ramiro ngo-1908.
Yonke le ntshukumo yanamhlanje ifikelela eSpeyin, apho yafikelela incopho yayo ngowe-1910. Ezi zinto zashiya uphawu kuncwadi lwaseLatin America. Ukuphuhlisa inqanaba elitsha lababhali be-Hispanic.
Ukungazi nto kwi-modernism
Babekhona abanye ababhali abangayithatheli ngqalelo intshukumo yemodernism. Yintoni eza nayo isiphumo seenoveli zokwenene nezendalo. Apho bathetha ngokuthe ngqo ngeengxaki zentlalo ezisekelwe kuwo wonke ummandla wommandla.
Amanye ala mabali abalaseleyo Aves sin nido ukusuka 1889. Kwelinye icala, uClorinda Matto wasePeru, osuka eTurner, waphuhlisa kwinqanaba lakhe lokuqala inoveli yamaIndiya, ukuqhubeka nokwenza inoveli yoqhanqalazo.
UFederico Gamboa eMexico, waqhubeka nokwenza inoveli yendalo yendalo yasedolophini yaseSanta ka-1903. Ngoxa e-Uruguay u-Eduardo Acevedo Díaz, wenza inoveli yembali kunye ne-gaucho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-theater evuthiweyo eyaqala ngenkulungwane yama-1904 yaphuhliswa, ngenxa yeBaldomero Lillo yaseChile, eyagqiba ukubhala amabali malunga nabasebenzi basezimayini, njengoko kunjalo nge-Sub Tierra ngo-1918, kunye noHoracio Quiroga, owabhala. Cuentos de la selva ngowe-XNUMX.
Le yokugqibela yafuna ukugxila kwizinto eziqhelekileyo zommandla, ezithi nazo zigxile ebantwini nakwindalo yakudala. Ukuchaza ngale ndlela imiba yezengqondo ngendlela engaqhelekanga ngokusebenzisa amabali angaqondakaliyo. Umdlali we-playwright uFlorencio Sánchez ufuna ukuphucula i-theater yelizwe lakhe emva kokusebenza kunye nemiba yentlalo kunye nexesha elifanayo lendawo.
uncwadi lwangoku
IMvukelo yaseMexico eyaqala ngowe-1910 yeza nalo eli nqanaba litsha kuncwadi lwaseLatin America. Ukusukela ngalo mhla bekukho umdla omtsha wokubhala imvelaphi yaseSpanishi.
Konke oku kwakungenxa yento yokuba yayinezinto ezahlukeneyo, apho iingxaki zentlalo zommandla ngamnye owakha ummandla weLizwe elitsha zagxininiswa kakhulu.
Kususela kweli xesha apho bonke ababhali bemvelaphi yeSpanishi baqala ukujongana nezinye izinto ngokunxulumene nazo zonke iimixholo zendalo yonke. Ukuphuhlisa amabali kwiminyaka. Okukhokelela ekubeni kubekho imiba yoncwadi yaseLatin America ngokupheleleyo. Ukuvumela okubhaliweyo ukuba kugqame kumazwe ngamazwe.
Imibongo
Izinto ezinxulumene ngokupheleleyo nemihobe, zenziwe yiyantlukwano yababhali abavakalisa imisebenzi yabo ngeentshukumo ezigcwele ngokupheleleyo uhlaziyo oluluqilima, olugxile ngakumbi kubugcisa obafika eYurophu ngelo xesha. Ke ngoko, imiba enxulumene ngokupheleleyo ne-cubism, i-expressionism kunye ne-surrealism, eqhelekileyo yaseSpain, inokubonwa.
Emva koko, iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-ultraism zinokubonwa, ezivumela ukuveliswa kweentshukumo zoncwadi ezibonakaliswe ngokuthe ngqo kwiintshukumo zoncwadi eziqhelekileyo zophuhliso lwaseSpain, olwaveliswa ekuqaleni kwaloo nkulungwane.
Phantsi kwezi nkalo zovavanyo, ababhali abanjengoVicente Huidobro, imvelaphi yaseChile, owathi wafumana inkolelo yendalo, babalasele. Ngokusebenzisa imibongo ngokunxulumene nokudalwa ngokuzimela. Oko kunxulumene nobunyani bemeko yangaphandle.
Ngokufanayo, uPablo Neruda waseChile, wawongwa ngeBhaso leNobel kuBhaso loncwadi ngonyaka we-1971.
Kwaye kwafunwa ukucacisa izigaba phantsi kokuzinikela komkhosi wezopolitiko. Kwakunye noGermán waseColombia uPardó García, owayengumbongi, owakwazi ukucacisa iqondo lobuntu kwimibongo. Olu hlobo lwento luhambelana ngokuthe ngqo novuthondaba e-Akróteras ngo-1968. Oku kuzisa nemibongo ebhaliweyo ngokumalunga neMidlalo yeOlimpiki eMexico.
iimbongi ezibalulekileyo
Ngokufanayo, kwiiCaribbean, imisebenzi yamanye amaqela eembongi yaqala. Phakathi kwaba kwakukho uNicolás Guillén, oyinzalelwane yaseCuba. Ngoobani ababesekelwe kwisingqisho nakwintsomi eyayisekelwe kubantu abantsundu bendawo yabo.
Ngokunjalo, uGabriela Mistral, owayesuka eChile, waphumelela iBhaso leNobel kuLuncwadi ngo-1945, isikhundla esisekelwe kwimibongo enxulumene nokufudumala neemvakalelo. Kwelinye icala, eMexico kwimiba yeContemporary ukuba iimbongi ezifana noJaime Torres Bodet, uJosé Gorostiza kunye noCarlos Pellicer bakwazile ukuhlanganisa.
Bonke aba babhali babesekelwe kuthando, isithukuthezi kunye nokufa. Ngokunjalo, uOctavio Paz ugqamile, ummi waseMexico owaphumelela iBhaso leNobel kuLuncwadi ngo-1990. Owathi thaca imibongo esekwe kwimetaphysics kunye ne-eroticism eyayisekwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-surrealism yamaFrentshi.
Ababhali abaninzi bayamangalisa kuba baqhuba izinto ezinxulumene nexesha lasemva kwemfazwe, nto leyo eyavumela ukukhuliswa kwemilinganiselo yoncwadi lwezopolitiko.
Ithiyetha
Ithiyetha evela kwimvelaphi yase-Hispanic inenkqubo egcwele ukuvuthwa ethi yona isekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya zesixeko ngasinye. Yintoni egxile ngakumbi eMexico naseBuenos Aires.
Ngokulandelayo, oku kwavumela ukuba kuphunyezwe isithuthi esiphethe inkcubeko kunye nayo. Oku kwavumela ukudityaniswa okuthile kwelizwe ngalinye laseLatin America, njengoko kunjalo eChile, ePuerto Rico nasePeru.
Kwelinye icala, iMexico iyakwazi ukudlula kwinkqubo egcwele ngokupheleleyo ngokutsha izinto zovavanyo ngokupheleleyo. Yintoni eyayisekelwe ngokukhethekileyo kumboniso weUlises Theatre eyaqala ngowe-1928.
Kwakunye neTheatre yokuQinisekisa eyaqala ngo-1932, eyathi ukongeza koko, yavulwa ngokubulela kuXavier Villaurrutia, uSalvador Novo kunye noCelestino Gorostiza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uRodolfo Usigli uya kuba yinxalenye yeqela elibalulekileyo labadlali bemidlalo, kunye no-Emilio Carballido. Ngokufanayo, ababhali abanjengoConrado Nalé Roxlo owayengumArgentina bagqama.
Uvavanyo
Abancoko abasekelwe kwimodernism baneziphumo ezinxulumene nemiba esebenzayo. Yintoni ekhokelele ekubeni izincoko zibe nezinto zobuzwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye kwangaxeshanye ziphelele. Ngale ndlela, bathathela ingqalelo inani elikhulu lezinto ezikwathathwa njengengqondo.
Ukongeza koku, iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwisizukulwana seNkulungwane yeNkululeko eyenzeka ngo-1910. Phakathi kwabameli abanikezela ngemibhalo enxulumene noJosé Vasconcelos. Kwimisebenzi yakhe ubonisa iphupha le-utopian apho zisekelwe kwiinkalo zogqatso lwe-cosmic olwaqhutywa ngo-1925.
Kwelinye icala, uDominic Pedro Henríquez Ureña ugqamile, owenza iZincoko eziNtathu eziphonononga into nganye yezi zinto. Kunye no-Alfonso Reyes ongumMexico kwaye wafuna ukusasaza imiba yobuntu efana ne-Vision Anáhuac eyenziwa kwi-1917.
Ngokufanayo, umbhali wezincoko uGermán Arciniegas, oyinzalelwane yaseColombia, wabalasela kwilizwekazi lonke elinemibala esixhenxe eyapapashwa ngowe-1965. UEduardo Mallea, waseArgentina owayethandwa gqitha yiArgentina, owapapashwa ngowe-1935. ziphuma kwimvelaphi yaseSpanishi.
Ibali
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, inoveli yaseLatin America ngokwayo ikwazile ukubonelela ngezinto ezintsha eziye zaphuhla njengempendulo. Yona ikwazile ukuba nezigaba ezithathu.
Eyokuqala inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nogxininiso kwimixholo, imihlaba, kunye nophuhliso lwabasebenzi olujolise kwindawo. Okuthe kwabangela inqanaba lesibini elivumela umsebenzi obalisayo onxulumene nemiba yengqondo ngokupheleleyo kunye neenkqubo ezizele yintelekelelo. Ukuvakalisa imo engqongileyo yasezidolophini kwaye ngaxeshanye i-cosmopolitan.
Ngendlela efanayo, inqanaba lesithathu lifunyenwe, apho ababhali bafuna ukuphatha zonke iinkalo ezinxulumene nezigaba ezintsha zoncwadi lwangoku. Ethi ibonakalise ukuqatshelwa kwezinto zamazwe ngamazwe endiziphethe ngokwazo ukubonisa ubume boncwadi kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba kwingxelo yengingqi, abalinganiswa abafana noRicardo Guiraldes waseArgentina, owenza uDon Segundo Sombra ngo-1926, u-Colombian uJosé Eustasio Rivera owenza i-maelstrom kwi-1924 kwaye ekugqibeleni kodwa i-Rómulo yaseVenezuela. UGallegos Freire wagqama.
Rómulo Gallegos kunye nabanye ababhali
Abantu baseVenezuela bagqama ngokukhethekileyo kwiDoña Bárbara, eyapapashwa ngowe-1929. Izigqala njengembali yamathafa. Kwelinye icala, kwakukho uMariano Azuela, ibali elisekelwe kwiMvukelo yaseMexico. Yaveliswa nguAndrés Pérez Maderista ngowe-1911, kunye neLos de bajo, eyapapashwa ngowe-1915.
Ngokufanayo, kwakukho uGregorio López, ongumbhali wencwadi ethi The Indian of 1935, apho wathetha ngokuthe ngqo ngendlela eyasingathwa ngayo imeko yabantu bomthonyama. Kwakukho nababhali bemvelaphi yaseGuatemala kunye ne-Andean njengabaseBolivia abafana no-Alcides Arguedas, ababethetha ngeengxaki ezazikho ngobuhlanga, njengoko wenzayo uCiro Alegría wasePeru,
UMiguel Ángel Asturias, nguye owafumana iBhaso loXolo likaLenin ngowe-1966 yaye kunyaka olandelayo iBhaso likaNobel loNcwadi. Ewe, yayineempawu ezimangalisayo ngaphakathi kwentsini kwinqanaba lezopolitiko.
Ababhali kunye neesayikholoji
Abaninzi babengababhali abaphethe imiba yengqondo kwiincwadi zaseLatin America, njengoko kunjalo ngo-Eduardo Barrios waseChile owachukumisa lo mbandela phantsi kwezicwangciso zedolophu e-El brother asno ka-1922.
Ngendlela efanayo, u-Manuel Rojas Sepúlveda wayesesidlangalaleni ngo-1951 u-Hijo de ladrón, apho ibali liye lavela kwindawo yasezidolophini ngokupheleleyo.
Kukho abanye ababhali, abanjengoMaría Luisa Bombal, owayephethe iNkungu yokuGqibela, eyapapashwa ngowe-1934 kwaye yayiphatha uhlobo lwefantasy. Indoda Yokuhlala Yedwa yenziwe ngu-Argentine Manuel Gálvez, owayephethe inoveli yezengqondo enemiba yanamhlanje ngokupheleleyo.
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba e-Uruguay intshukumo yaqala ukuveliswa eyavumela uphuhliso olupheleleyo lweengqungquthela ezibalisayo zezinto zengqondo, ezisikhokelela kwiinkalo ezihambelana nokuvela kwengqondo. Ukuvumela ukuba kubekho ukuqondwa kwale miba kumazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuqwalaselwa
Kwakukho iinoveli ezathi zakhawuleza zafumana ukuqondwa kumazwe ngamazwe, ngenxa yemvelaphi yazo kunye nendlela yokubalisa eqaqambileyo. Njengoko kwakunjalo ngeHopscotch, eyapapashwa ngowe-1963, nguJulio Cortázar waseArgentina, eyayilibali elichazwe phantsi komgangatho wokulingwa.
Ngendlela efanayo, uJuan Carlos Onetti kunye ne-El astillero de 1960, apho ndibalaselisa isayikholoji phantsi kwemekobume yedolophu ngokupheleleyo. UMario Benedetti, owenza iLa tregua ngowe-1960, naye wayebalasele kakhulu.
Ngokufanayo, uhlobo lwenoveli yaseMexico evele yaphunyezwa. Okwathi emva koko kugxininise kubunyani, obuphenjelelwe ngababhali abafana noJames Joyce, uVirginia Woolf, uAldous Huxley, uWilliam Faulkner noJohn Dos Passos. Into endiyiphathelayo zizinto ezinoveli kuluhlu lwezengqondo kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela eyiyo kweemeko kummandla othile.
Ngaphantsi kwale nkqubo, abanye ababhali bagqama, abafana noJuan Rulfo, owenza uPedro Páramo ngo-1955, kunye noCarlos Fuentes kunye nommandla ocacileyo we-1958. Kwelinye icala, uVicente Leñero wakwazi ukuphumelela iBhaso leThala leeNcwadi ngo-1963 kunye neLos. albañiles ukuguqula eliqhekeza libelinye elinezinto ezimangalisayo ezinokuthi zibonwe ngo-1970.
Ngokufanayo, uSalvador Elizondo ugqamile, oqhubeka ebhala iFarabeuf yonyaka we-1965, echaza ngokuzimisela okukhulu yonke into enxulumene nale ntshukumo intsha ngaphakathi koncwadi lwaseLatin America.
UGabriel García Márquez kunye nabanye ababhali beli xesha
Phakathi kwababhali beLatin America bexesha langoku nguGabriel García Márquez. Ewe, njengabanye abadumileyo, babhale amabali olwimi lweSpanish abalisa imiba ephawuleka ngokupheleleyo kwinqanaba lezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kuphinda kuqaqambise ezinye izinto ezigxile kwingingqi endala. Inkqubo ethe yadlulwa bubuchule obutsha.
Kwangokunjalo, kube nokwenzeka ukuba nombono wendaleko kwisitayile kunye nombono, kugxininiswe kwizinto ezibalisayo ngokupheleleyo. Ngokunjalo, ubunyani bomlingo buphathwa ngokwemvelo ngakumbi, obusetyenziswa kubabhali abaliqela, abavakalisa ngokupheleleyo iimfihlelo ezisekelwe kwiimeko ezifunyanwa kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
Ababhali abanjengoCuban Alejo Carpentier nabo bagqama, ngubani ngomsebenzi wakhe ofuna ukubonisa imiba emitsha ngokunxulumene nentsomi, eyayibonwa kwi-Lost Steps, apho imeko yehlathi yaphathwa kwaye yapapashwa ngo-1953.
Kwelinye icala, uJosé Lelama Lima, naye waseCuba, wenza iParadiso ngowe-1966, apho imixholo yasentsomini enxulumene nenkcubeko ye-neo-barrel nayo yachukunyiswa.
Imiba ebonisiweyo
UMario Vargas Llosa wasePeru ufuna ukuvakalisa iindidi ngeendidi zeemfihlakalo ngokusebenzisa iSixeko kunye neZinja, ezawongwa ngeMbasa yeThala leencwadi eliFutshane ngo-1962. Oku kwamkhokelela ekubeni agqwese ngokupheleleyo kuncwadi.
Ngokufanayo, uGabriel García Márquez wawongwa ngeBhaso leNobel ngo-1982, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni aziwe kumazwe ngamazwe, ngokukodwa ngomsebenzi wakhe owenzelwe i-1967, iKhulu leminyaka yokuba yedwa.
Le yokugqibela yazama ukuveza izinto zomlingo ngomanyano olungaphelelwa lixesha. Oko kwawaphuhlisa ngokupheleleyo amabali okubalisa awayesaziwa ngelo xesha kuncwadi lwaseLatin America. Ukubonisa ngale ndlela izinto ezibalulekileyo kwibali le-Hispanic.
Konke oku kwavumela iinoveli zaseLatin America ukuba zigqame ngokupheleleyo. Ewe, ukuphatha kwakhe ibali, kungekuphela nje ngeSpanish, kodwa nangezinye iilwimi, ukuphumeza amazwe ngamazwe.
Ndiyakumema ukuba ujonge la manqaku alandelayo ukuze wazi ngakumbi ngoncwadi olunika umdla:
Iqhawe elinxibe isikrweqe esinomhlwa