Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga ne Uyilo lweNkcubeko yaseChavín kubantwana kunye nabantu abadala, siyakumema ukuba u tyelele eli nqaku elinomdla nelimangalisayo, elinikezelwe kweli hlabathi lithile kwaye lixabise imimangaliso yenkcubeko yalo, kunye neendawo ezikufutshane nale ndawo. Sukuphoswa yiyo!
I-Architecture yeNkcubeko yaseChavín: Iimpawu kunye neMisebenzi ephawulekayo
I-architecture ye-Chavín yayiyi-architecture ye-prehistoric eyenziwe kwi-Andes yasePeru, eyayibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa kunye noxinzelelo oluqinileyo lobugcisa kunye nomoya. Indawo ephambili yenzululwazi yezinto zakudala apho kwafunyanwa khona iintsalela zakhe yaziwa ngokuba yiTempile yaMandulo.
Uyilo lweChavín lwaphuhliswa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ze-Andean ezikumantla ePeru ukusuka kwi-900 BC. kude kube ngu-300 BC Uyilo lweC. Chavín lwaba nefuthe kwezinye impucuko ezigudle unxweme lwasePeru.
Indawo yophando lwezinto zakudala ezaziwayo kakhulu kwinkcubeko yaseChavín yiChavín de Huantar, ekwiindawo eziphakamileyo zaseAndean kwiAncash yanamhlanje. Kukholelwa ukuba yakhiwe malunga ne-900 BC. C. yaye yayiyindawo yokuhlanganisana yonqulo neyezobupolitika yabantu baseChavín. Ibhengezwe njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi yiUNESCO.
Izakhiwo zaseChavín zazizele zizikhumbuzo ezinkulu ezakhelwe iinjongo zonqulo nezobupolitika. Kwakhona, njengoko iiChavines zazihlala kwiintaba nakwiindawo ezinxwemeni, kwafuneka baphuhlise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwakha ezikhokelela ekubeni benze izinto ezintsha. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba izinto ezahlukeneyo zazisetyenziswa ngokuxhomekeke kumxholo wokwakha.
Iimpawu eziphambili ze-architecture yaseChavín
Izinto ezikhoyo kwisiza zingqina uyilo olukhethekileyo, uphuhliso kunye nobuhle bobugcisa be-lithic bokuhlanganiswa kwamatye amangcwaba, imiqadi, iikholomu okanye imifanekiso eqingqiweyo.
Imizobo ebonisa iinkolelo zabo zonqulo, isimboli sabo, intsingiselo yesithethe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi, kunye nomsebenzi weendawo kunye neendawo zokwakha ngokukodwa.
Bakwamele uluntu lwaseChavín kunye nenkqubo yokuziphendukela kwembali ebonisa izigaba ezahlukeneyo zokwakha kunye neemeko zenkcubeko, ngenxa yemisebenzi eqhubekayo yentlalontle yesayithi ekugqibeleni eyakha izakhiwo zayo.
Ezona zakhiwo ziphambili zazimilise ngo-U, uphawu lwezakhiwo zaseChavín. Nangona kunjalo, bakha amatye ezikhumbuzo kunye neephiramidi ezinqamlekileyo ezinokuza okufihlakeleyo kunye nokuhamba ngaphantsi komhlaba.
Chavin
Eyona ndawo yonqulo ibalulekileyo eChavín yayiyiChavín de Huantar, eyona tempile iphambili eyayikwiNtlambo yaseMosna, eyathi ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezintlanu yaba yindawo edumileyo yokundwendwela kulo lonke ummandla waseAndean.
Kule ndawo, ukudilika komhlaba kwakudala kwashiya amathafa achumileyo, kwaye ukusondela kwemithombo emininzi kunye nonikezelo olukhulu nolwahlukeneyo lwamatye kwiiprojekthi zokwakha ezikhulu zaqinisekisa ukukhula kwesiza.
Ekuphakameni kwalo, iziko lalinabemi abangama-2,000 ukuya kuma-3,000 kwaye laligubungela malunga ne-100 yeehektare (400,000 m²). C. kwaye eneneni iseti yezakhiwo kwimilo ye-U. Embindini, izinyuko ezimbini ezikhokelela kwintendelezo engqukuva engezantsi.
Itempile entsha, eyinxalenye yakudala eChavín de Huantar, yaziwa ngokuba yi "El Castillo" kwaye inolwandiso olukhulu kunetempile endala.
Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwenziwa ngamatye amakhulu kunye nobunzima obuxande kwaye ine-plaza enkulu, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, yayiyeyona ndawo iqhelekileyo ukutyelela.
Iindonga zezakhiwo zifakwe amacwecwe amatye angama-square kunye ne-rectangular anemifanekiso yokuguqulwa kunye nezidalwa ze-shamanic, eziqingqiweyo ngokukhululeka okuphantsi.
Ukufakwa kwe-drainage: isampuli ye-architecture ye-Chavín
Uyilo lwetempile yaseChavín de Huantar, kunye neminye imisebenzi yoyilo ebonwa yimpucuko yaseChavín, ibonisa ubuchule bokwakha obuphucukileyo obulungelelaniswe kwindawo yasePeruvia.
Oku kubonisa ubuchule obukhulu kunye nophuhliso, kokubili kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nesakhiwo, ababenabo ngelo xesha. Ukuthintela izikhukula kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwetempile ngexesha lemvula, abantu bolu hlanga benza inkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi kunye nemijelo phantsi kwesakhiwo setempile.
Thelela uObelisk
I-Obelisco de Tello, esinye isakhiwo esiphawulekayo soyilo, yi-prismatic granite monolith evela kwindawo ye-archaeological Chavín de Huantar kumntla-mbindi wePeru. I<em>obelisk ibonakalisa owona mfanekiso untsonkothileyo wamatye owawusaziwa eMelika ngelo xesha.
Isakhiwo si-2,52 m ukuphakama kunye namacala angama-0,32 m kunye no-0,12 m ububanzi. Icandelo eliphezulu elinotshini linciphisa i-0,26 yesibhozo yobuso obubini obubanzi malunga ne-XNUMX yeemitha. Ngaphandle kwenotshi, onke amacala amane athe tyaba.
Itotali yesangqa kwisiseko imalunga nemitha e-1 kwaye imilo iyancipha ngokulinganayo ukuya malunga ne-0,87 yeemitha kwisangqa kwinotshi. Ubuso obune okanye ubuso bukrolwe ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ephantsi.
Izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo
Abantu baseChavín basebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo zokwakha izakhiwo zabo. Ilitye yayiyeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kunye neephiramidi, amaqula, iiplaza, amaqonga kunye nezakhiwo zakhiwa ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, izinto eziphathekayo zinokutshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko.
Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezinomngcipheko omkhulu wemvula, kwakusetyenziswa ilitye, kodwa kwiindawo ezingaselunxwemeni ezinemvula encinane, yayakhiwe ngodaka kunye nentlaka, ngoko ke izakhiwo zazisaqinile kodwa zigcinwe ngezinto eziphathekayo.
Eminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo
Phakathi kwezakhiwo zayo ezibalaseleyo yiPampa de las Llamas - Moxeque, iseti yeephiramidi ezi-2 ezijongeneyo, zishiya indawo embindini weyona plaza inkulu kwingingqi yaseAncash, ePeru. I-Pacopampa, i-archaeological structure efumaneka kwiintaba zasePeru, nayo iphakathi kweyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo. I-Pacopampa yayiyindawo yokuqala apho iChavín yamandulo yayisebenzisa i-metallurgy.
IChongoyape, ehlala ngoku iziko lombane wamanzi, yayisisihlalo sesibini somsitho wabantu baseChavín. IGaragay, enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo kwimpucuko yaseChavín yakudala. Iqulethe elona nani likhulu lezinto zodongwe ezaziwa kwiPeru yamandulo.
Isimbo, ubuchule kunye nemisebenzi
Ukuba luyilo lwale mpucuko, isitayile sokuqala soyilo lolwakhiwo olwasasazeka kulo lonke ummandla wase-Andean, lwaphawulwa ngogqaliselo olomeleleyo lokomoya kunye nobuchule bokwakha obutsha.
Yintoni eyabonakalisa ukuyilwa kwenkcubeko Chavin
Okokuqala, i-architecture yenkcubeko ye-Chavín yaqulunqwa kwizigaba ezibini, eziye zahlulwa kwiziko le-Chavín de Huántar, ngenxa yoko, eyokuqala ibhekisela kwisakhiwo sokuqala esibizwa ngokuba yiTempile endala, eyashiywa emva kokwandiswa. ukunika ithuba lesibini, elimiselwe kukwakhiwa kweTempile eNtsha.
Umzobo woyilo weChavín ubonakaliswe ngokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezimile "U". Ukongeza, bakha amaqonga okuphakamisa iitempile ezineegalari ezingaphantsi komhlaba. Bakwasebenzisa imihombiso efana neelinteli, iicornices kunye neentloko zezikhonkwane ezidumileyo.
Ukongeza, aba bakhi banobuchule benza iiphiramidi ezinqamlekileyo ezineepaseji okanye amagumbi angaphantsi, izikwere ezixande ezitshonelweyo, kunye nemingxuma ejikelezayo. Kule nto, basebenzisa ilitye njengento yokwakha imisebenzi ezintabeni, ngelixa emanxwemeni basebenzisa udaka kunye ne-adobe.
Ukongeza koku, iiChavines zazinolwazi oluphambili lwesandi kubunjineli be-hydraulic, njengoko imisebenzi efana nale yaseChavín de Huántar yayinemijelo eyenza izandi ezifana nokugquma kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi.
Ngokuqinisekileyo lonke uyilo lweendawo kunye nemimandla yoyilo lwenkcubeko yolu hlanga lwaluneenjongo ezibalaseleyo zenkolo nezopolitiko.
Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yoyilo lwezakhiwo Chayi
Eyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo yokwakha yenkcubeko yaseChavín isasazwe kula masebe alandelayo asePeruvia:
Ancash.
Ifumaneka kwiphondo laseHuari, eChavín de Huántar, ithathwa njengelona ziko lokuhamba ngezonqulo libaluleke kakhulu eAndes, elenziwe zizakhiwo ezinemilo yephiramidi enciphileyo, efana netempile yakudala, i-El Castillo okanye itempile entsha kunye ne-obelisk yaseTello, ebonisa ubuchule obukhulu bobunjineli kunye nobuchule bokuphatha ukukrolwa kwamatye.
Cajamarca
Ifakwe encotsheni yenduli kwiphondo laseSan Pablo, iKuntur Wasi okanye iCasa del Cóndor, isakhiwo esasinempembelelo ye-Chavín, equka amaqonga anyathelayo, iplaza ye-rectangular engezantsi kunye nezinyuko ezine ezikhokelela kwizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zokungcwaba kunye ne-monolithic.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, e-Sierra Norte, kukho iPacopampa, isakhiwo esinamaqonga amathathu aphezulu ngokuma kwephiramidi ene-truncated.
Ezinye izikhumbuzo eziphawulekayo zoyilo lwenkcubeko yaseChavín yiChongoyape eLambayeque, iCaballo Muerto eLa Libertad, iGaragay eLima kunye neChupas e-Ayacucho, ngaloo ndlela zenza inxalenye yesimboli esikhulu somlingo-inkolo yale mpucuko.
Ukuba ufumene eli nqaku linomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: