Howler Monkey Iimpawu, Reproduction and More

Ithetha ngantoni incoko yeenkawu ezikhalayo? Babonakala bethetha bodwa kodwa into eyenzekayo kukuba ngokubhomboloza kwayo, inkawu ekhalayo iqinisekisa ukuba abanye abawuhlali ummandla wayo, okanye inikela izilumkiso okanye isenzela ukujola kweemazi. Ngokuqinisekileyo isikhalo sakhe sineminye imisebenzi, kodwa ukuze sifumanise, siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke nolu fundo.

inkawu ekhalayo

Inkawu ekhalayo yintlobo ngeentlobo zeeprimate ezivela kwihlabathi elitsha, ukusuka kuMbindi kunye noMzantsi Merika ngokukodwa, elaziwa ngokukodwa ngenxa yezandi zayo ezivakalayo ezichazwa njengezijwili. Kungcono kubhekiselwa kuyo njengenkawu emhlophe, nangona ikwabizwa ngokuba yinkawu emhlophe, iAraguato, iNkawu, iAraguato, iAraguato, iTumbes, iTumbes, inkawu emnyama, inkawu yegolide, inkawu emdaka, inkawu. , inkawu yezambo, inkawu ekhalayo okanye isaraguato emdaka okanye icarayá.

Unyango

Igama elithi "Alouatta", elisuka kwisiFrentshi elithi "alouate", elithetha "ilizwi elikhulu", ligama elisuka kwiilwimi zomthonyama zaseCaribbean. Igama elithi "palliata" lithatyathwe kwigama lesiLatini elithi "pallium", luhlobo lwengubo yesiGrike kunye negama elithi "atus" elisuka kwisiLatini, elithetha "ibonelelwe". Ke ngoko, igama layo libhekisa kuboya obuninzi nabutyheli-bumhlophe obunabo emacaleni omzimba wabo, obujongeka njenge-cape okanye i-mantle (Tirira, 2004).

I-Taxonomy kunye namaGama aqhelekileyo

I-Howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) yinxalenye yosapho lwe-Atelidae phakathi kwe-New World primates (platyrrhines), iqela eliquka i-wler, iinkawu zesigcawu, iinkawu ezinoboya kunye ne-muriquíes. Iindidi zenza inxalenye ye-Alouattinae subfamily egama layo lodwa yi-Alouatta, apho zonke iinkawu zidibana khona, apho kubonwa iindidi ezintathu:

IAlouatta palliata aequatorialis eColombia, eCosta Rica, e-Ecuador, ePanama nasePeru,
IAlouatta palliata palliata eCosta Rica, eGuatemala, eHonduras naseNicaragua kunye
IAlouatta palliata mexicana eMexico naseGuatemala.

Abanye ababhali baqwalasela ii-subspecies ezibini ezongezelelweyo, ezihlala zihlelwa njenge-subspecies ye-Allouatta coibensis (i-Coiba Island howler ape). Nangona kunjalo, iimvavanyo ze-DNA ye-mitochondrial zibonise ukuba ukuhlelwa kwazo akukapheli.

Ngokutsho kwengingqi ehlala kuyo, yaziwa ngokuba howler monkey, howler of the coast, howler monkey araguato, zambo monkey, black howler, black monkey, cotudo monkey, ecaleni konxweme Caribbean of Colombia; inkawu emnyama kwindawo yonxweme lwePasifiki yaseColombia (ngamanye amaxesha iyasebenza nakwiAteles belzebuth); i-monkey chongo kunye ne-chongón, kummandla osemazantsi wonxweme lwePasifiki yaseColombia, kufutshane ne-Ecuador; Gueviblanco (Chocó).

Ezi zezinye iimvaba zomthonyama zaseColombia: kotudú (Noahamá); cuara (Choko); uu (Cuna) kunye nama-Ecuadorians: Aullaj munu (quichua) Okwakalokunje ngesiFrentshi ibizwa ngokuba yihurleur manteau; ngesiJamani iMantelbrüllaffe; kunye nesiNgesi esimnyama esikhalayo, inkawu emnyama ekhalayo, i-mantled mantled okanye i-Golden-mantled Monkey.

Iimpawu zeHowler Monkey

Mkhulu kwaye utyebile, unamalungu amade, awomeleleyo xa uthelekiswa nothotho lweenkawu ezikumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseMerika. Ubude bayo obuqhelekileyo buphakathi kwe-70 kunye ne-140 yeesentimitha kunye nobunzima bayo obuphakathi kwe-3,6 kunye ne-7,6 yeekhilogram. Ubunzima bamadoda bukhulu kunobo bamabhinqa, ngoko kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho i-dimorphism encinci yesondo. Intloko yayo inobungakanani obukhulu kwaye ubuso bayo buze kwaye bunombala omnyama.

Uboya bayo buthambile kwaye bukhazimle, bumdaka ukuya kubomvu bumdaka, butyheli emacaleni; abantu abathile babonisa amabala ablond kwiindawo ezifana nomsila, emazantsi emqolo okanye ngaphantsi kwesandla. Ukuma koobhontsi bakhe kuchasene kwaye kuyachaswa. Umsila wabo mde kwaye ubhityile, unokude ube mde kunomzimba wabo wonke, kwaye kuluncedo kakhulu kubo ukugcina ulungelelwano. Kwakhona i-prehensile, oko kukuthi, inamandla okubamba, ngendlela yokuba inkawu ekhalayo inokubambelela esebe ngomsila wayo ngokungathi sesinye isandla.

Inempumlo encinci kwaye ayinde kakhulu enemihlathi enamandla kunye neempumlo ezingqukuva. Intamo nayo ibanzi. Ineentambo ezinkulu zezwi, kwaye amadoda anamagumbi akhethekileyo emqaleni wawo avumela izandi ezikhuphayo ukuba zifezekise uluhlu olukhulu kunye namandla. Izikhalo eziyivelisayo, ikakhulu ekuzeni kokusa nangokuhlwa, zinamandla kangangokuba zinokuviwa kumgama weekhilomitha ezininzi kwaye zilumkisa amanye amaqela ngobukho bayo.

Bahlanganisana bengamaqela abantu abamalunga nama-20, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo bahlanganisana njengamaqela athozamileyo. Amadoda nabafazi bayakwazi ukuzimela xa befikelela ekukhuleni ngokwesondo. Kwiqela ngalinye kukho inkunzi elawulayo efuna ilungelo layo lokukhwelana neemazi. Ngokuqhelekileyo abafazi banokufumana inzala yabo yokuqala kunyaka wesibini ubudala, ixesha lokukhulelwa linokuhlala i-semester, ukulinda phakathi kokuzalwa yiminyaka emibini.

ukutya kwakho ngayo ihlanganiswe ngokulinganayo amagqabi athambileyo kunye neziqhamo, kunye nomlinganiselo omncinci weentyatyambo, eziguquguqukayo ngokwendawo, isini, ixesha lonyaka kunye nobukho bokutya. Nangona isengozini ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, uhlobo lwayo lokutya kunye nokuzimisela kwayo ukuhlala kwiindawo ezincinci, ivumela ukuba ikwazi ukulungelelanisa, ikwazi ukuhlala kumahlathi aqhekekileyo kunye angenelelayo. Ubume bayo ngummandla.

Ummandla weJografi kunye neNdawo yokuHlala

Olu didi lwenkawu luhlala kakhulu kuMbindi Merika kunye nomntla-ntshona woMzantsi Merika. Itholakala kumazantsi eMexico, ummandla ophakathi waseGuatemala, eHonduras, eNicaragua, eCosta Rica, ePanama, emantla nasentshona yeKholombiya, kwintshona ye-Ecuador nakwiNgingqi yaseTumbes ePeru.

EMexico, isasazwe ikakhulu kumazantsi eVeracruz, eTabasco naseChiapas, iindawo apho abantu bayo bancitshiswe kakhulu, ngoko ke ukuhanjiswa kwayo kuthintelwe kwiindawo ezincinci kakhulu. Eyona ndawo ihlala kuyo kumahlathi ashinyeneyo akweleenjiko. Ihlala kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo ezifana neklasi yesibini, i-semi-deciduous, efumileyo, eyomileyo okanye amahlathi asezintabeni. Ithambekele kwiimozulu zetropikhi zohlobo olufudumeleyo lokufuma, kwiindawo ezisezantsi. EMexico inokufunyanwa kwindawo ephakamileyo kufutshane neemitha ezingama-900 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.

I-Alouatta palliata yabelana ngommandla wayo wejografi kunye nezinye iindidi ze- howler, i-Guatemala black howler (i-Alouatta pigra) kwindawo eqingqiweyo e-Guatemala nase-Mexico kufutshane ne-Yucatan peninsula.

Mhlawumbi ayizange iguqule njengesihlobo sayo i-Alouatta seniculus ukuze iphile kwiindawo zamahlathi angenelelayo kwaye aqhekekileyo, ekubeni, endaweni yoko, ifaneleka ngakumbi ukuhlala amahlathi anezityalo ezivaliweyo, ezi zilungelelanisa ngcono kumahlathi emvula, amahlathi egalari kunye ne-wastelands. E-Colombia, kwindawo ekufutshane noMlambo i-Aratoto, ikwadibana neentlobo ngeentlobo ze-Alouatta seniculus.

Inkawu i-Howler ifumaneka e-Colombia ikakhulu kumahlathi afumileyo ukuya kwi-semi-deciduous kumathambeka eentaba. KuMbindi weMelika uhlala kwindidi enkulu yamahlathi, ubukhulu becala kumahlathi aphantsi ahlala ephantsi, ikwafumaneka kwimangroves, kumahlathi ashinyeneyo omileyo kunye namahlathi angenelelayo. Iseka ubukhulu becala kumbindi kunye necanopy ephezulu; njenge-Alouatta seniculus, bahlala behla emhlabeni kwaye banokuqubha ngokufanelekileyo. Ukunqanda rhoqo amahlathi aphuphumayo kunye nemigxobhozo ye-mangrove kufuphi nonxweme.

Ngamafutshane, inkawu ekhwazayo inokufumaneka kule mimandla ilandelayo ngokwelizwe:

Mexico: States of Veracruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca, Chiapas kunye emazantsi elizwe Campeche.
IGuatemala: Kwisebe laseChiquimula.
IHonduras: kulo lonke ilizwe, ngaphandle kwemida ethile ne-El Salvador.
Nicaragua: kulo lonke ilizwe.
ICosta Rica: kulo lonke ilizwe, ngaphandle kweSiqithi saseCocos.
I-Panama: kulo lonke ilizwe.
EKholombiya: AmaSebe aseMagdalena, eAtlántico, eBolívar, eCórdoba, eSucre, eAntioquía, eChocó, eValle del Cauca, eCauca naseNariño.
I-Ecuador: onke amaphondo aselunxwemeni: Esmeraldas, Manabí, Santa Elena, Guayas, Azuay, El Oro kunye neLos Ríos.
IPeru: Isebe leTumbes kunye nePiura.

I-Anatomy kunye nePhysiology

I-morphology yolu didi iyafana neyezinye iintlobo ze-Alouatta genus ngaphandle kombala, obumnyama kakhulu kunye neebhanti ezisecaleni zegolide okanye ezityheli, nangona kunjalo, izilwanyana ezimdaka okanye ezingwevu ziyaziwa. Intloko inobungakanani obukhulu xa ithelekiswa nomzimba, ubuso bunjalo abamnyama kwaye engenanwele. Njengawo onke amalungu entsapho yase-Atelidae, umsila u-prehensile, ubude kwaye unamandla kunye nephedi engenaboya kufuphi nencam. Amadoda amadala abonisa isingxobo esimhlophe.

Kukho i-dimorphism yesondo ecacileyo, apho amadoda makhulu kunamabhinqa, anobunzima be-5,5 ukuya kwi-9,8 kilograms, ngelixa amabhinqa anobunzima be-3,1 ukuya kwi-7,6 kilogram. Iinwele ezijikeleze ubuso zininzi kwaye zininzi. Ubude bomzimba wayo kuphela busuka kwi-481 ukuya kwi-675 millimeters, kunye nomyinge we-561 millimeters kumadoda kunye ne-520 millimeters kubafazi. Umsila wayo ufikelela kwi-545 kunye ne-655 millimeters kunye ne-avareji ye-583 millimeters kwindoda kunye ne-609 millimeters kwimazi.

Olunye uhlalutyo olwenziwe eKholombiya luqikelela ubunzima bomzimba obuziikhilogram ezi-6 ukuya kwezisi-8 kunye ne-avareji yazo zombini izini ze-6,6. Cebus capucinus) Olu hlobo lweprimate ngayo zilungiselelwe ukutya okune-folivorous, yiyo loo nto i-molars yazo inyuse i-ridges kwi-molars yazo, iluncedo kakhulu koku kutya kwemifuno.

Ukuziphatha

Ukuziphatha kuboniswa howler iinkawu xa kufikwa ekondleni, ukulungelelanisa kunye nokuzala, nangona ukuba inokwahluka phakathi kweentlobo, ukugcina ukufana ezithile. Impembelelo yokuguqulwa kweendawo zabo zokuhlala iye yazisa uhlengahlengiso kwindlela yokuziphatha elolo hlobo, kwaye siza kubhekisa kuyo apha ngezantsi.

Ukutya

Ukutya kwakhoyi cIdityaniswe ngamagqabi kunye neziqhamo ngokulinganayo ngokulinganayo, kodwa ukutya iintyatyambo. Uphando luye lwafumanisa ukuba ipesenti yokwakheka kokutya kwabo yi-48,2% yamagqabi, i-42,1% yeziqhamo, kunye ne-17,9% yeentyatyambo. Ipesenti yexesha elinikezelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwamagqabi, ngokutsho kophononongo, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

iFicus yaponensis (Moraceae) 20,95%,
IFicus insipidus (Moraceae) 14,89%,
Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) 6,08%,
I-Platypodium elegans (iLeguminosae) 5,65%,
Inga fagifolia (Leguminosae) 3.86%,
Poulsenia armata (Moraceae) 3,63%,
Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) 2.63%,
I-Cecropia insignis (Moraceae) 2.24%,
IHyeronima laxiflora (Euphorbiaceae) 1.99%, kunye
ILacmellea panamensis (Apocynaceae) 0.67%.

Ngelixa ipesenti yexesha elinikezelwe ekusetyenzisweni kweziqhamo ngokweentsapho zabo:

I-Moraceae 47,79%,
ILeguminosae 9,5%,
Anacardiaceae 2.62%,
Euphorbiaceae 1,99% kunye
Apocynaceae 1,67%.

Bakhetha amagqabi amatsha, abanika iprotein eninzi kunalawo asele ekhulile.Kuphando olwenziwa eMexico, iindidi ezingama-27 zarekhodwa njengomthombo wokutya, kunye ne-89% yexesha elinikezelwe kwiintlobo ezisi-8, rhoqo ziphuma kwintsapho yaseMoraceae. I-58,4 .22,6%), eyona nto ibalulekileyo i-Ficus spp., i-Poulsenia armata, i-Brosimum alicastrum, i-Cecropia obtusifolia kunye ne-Pseudomedia oxyphyllaria. Ezinye iintsapho ezibhaliweyo yayiyiLauraceae ene-4,9% kunye neLeguminosae ene-XNUMX%

Kwesinye isifundo, ixesha elisetyenziselwa ukutya amagqabi avuthiweyo labhalwa kwi-19,5%, amagqabi amatsha kwi-44,2%, iintyatyambo 18,2%, iziqhamo 12,5% kunye ne-5,7% ye-nectar. Kolu phando lunye, kwamiselwa iindidi ezingama-62 zeentsapho ezingama-27, apho ezona zibalulekileyo zaziyiLeguminosae, zikhatshwa yiMoraceae kunye neAnacardiaceae.

Iindidi zokutya ezinobukho obukhulu ibizi-Andira inermis (15%), Pithecellobium saman (10,04%), Pithecellobium longifolium (7.92%), Anacardium excelsum 7,23%, Licania arborea (7,06%), Manilkara achras (6.19 %), Astronium (5.46%) kunye nePterocarpus hayseii (4.71%). E-Costa Rica, ixesha elisetyenziselwa ukutya emagqabini libhalwe kwi-49%, iziqhamo kwi-28% kunye neentyatyambo kwi-22,5%.

EColombia, kwihlathi elishinyeneyo laseChocó, kwafunyaniswa ukuba inkawu itya iindidi ezingama-51 zezityalo eziyinxalenye yeentsapho ezingama-22 nezizukulwana ezingama-35. Iintsapho ezibonakala rhoqo kakhulu yiMoraceae kunye neMimosaceae, apho wachitha i-76% yexesha elichithwe, elandelwa yiCaesalpinaceae, iSapotaceae, iCecropiaceae, i-Annonaceae kunye ne-Myristicaceae. Ezona ntlobo zisetyenziswa rhoqo zezi: Brosimum utile, Ficus tonduzii, Inga macradenia, Pseudolmedia laevigata kunye neLacmellea cf. ifloribunda.

Ubume bentlalo

Ngokuqhelekileyo abakho ndlongondlongo, nangona besenokubhenela kugonyamelo. Amatyala aye abonwa apho amaqela amadoda angatshatanga agxotha amadoda kwelinye iqela, ebulala imizekelo emincinci, evuselela ukushisa ngokwesondo phakathi kweemazi.

I-Alouatta palliata iqokelelana ngokwamaqela abantu aba-6 ukuya kwabangama-23, inani eliphezulu kumndilili kune-Alouatta seniculus. Kwiindawo ezifana neSiqithi saseBarro Colorado, amaqela anamanani aphakathi kwe-20,8 kunye ne-21,5 afunyenwe, enye yezona ziphezulu ezirekhodiweyo zolu hlobo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwiqela ngalinye kukho amadoda amabini okanye amathathu akhulileyo, nto leyo echaseneyo neAlouatta seniculus, edla ngokuba nendoda enye kuphela. La maqela ahlala ebala ukusuka kwi-4 ukuya kwi-6 yabasetyhini, ekwazi ukufikelela kwi-7 ukuya kwi-10.

Iqela ngalinye linabela kwimihlaba ye-10 ukuya kwiihektare ze-60, kodwa iindawo ezithobekileyo phakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-7 yeehektare ziye zaqatshelwa kumahlathi athile asePanama, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokugqithiswa kwabantu okubangelwa ukufuduka ukusuka kumahlathi akufutshane agawulwe. Uhambo lwemihla ngemihla lokufumana ukutya okurekhodiweyo kumyinge weemitha ezili-123 (uluhlu olusuka kwi-11 ukuya kwi-503 yeemitha), i-443 yeemitha (uluhlu ukusuka kwi-104 ukuya kwi-792 yeemitha) kunye ne-596 yeemitha (uluhlu ukusuka kwi-207 ukuya kwi-1261 yeemitha).

Kumahlathi aselunxwemeni lwasePanama azaliswe ngabantu abavela kumahlathi atshabalalayo, ukuxinana kwabantu abayi-1.050 ngekhilomitha nganye yesikwekhilomitha (km²) kwafunyanwa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxinana kwe-16 ukuya kwi-90 yemizekelo ye-km² nganye kufunyanwa rhoqo kwiSiqithi i-Barro Colorado, e-Panama, i-23 nge-km² e-Mexico kunye ne-90 nge-km² nganye e-Costa Rica. E-Colombia, i-0,7 ukuya kwi-1.5 amaqela nge-km² afunyenwe.

IiNkqubo zeNtlalo

Uninzi lweentlobo zezilwanyana ezikhalayo zihlala kumaqela ezilwanyana ezi-6 ukuya kwezili-15, kunye nenkunzi enye ukuya kwezintathu ezindala kunye neemazi ezininzi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkawu ezine-mantled howler azikho, ekubeni amaqela azo rhoqo equka abantu abali-15 ukuya kwangama-20 namadoda angaphezu kwamathathu. Inani lamadoda kwiqela elinikiweyo lilingana ngokungafaniyo nobukhulu be-hyoid (ithambo elingaphakathi komqala wabo elikhulisayo ukwenza isikhalo sabo sibe namandla ngakumbi), nto leyoal yi dienxulumene ngqo nobukhulu bamasende akhe.

Ngaloo ndlela oku kukhokelela kumaqela amabini ahlukeneyo, kwelinye kukho inkunzi ene-hyoid enkulu kunye namasende amancinci adibana neqela elithile leemazi. Kwelinye iqela kukho amadoda amaninzi ane-hyoidingaphezulu pamancinci kodwa anamasende amakhulu adibana ngokukhululekileyo neqela lonke leemazi. Inani elikhulu lamadoda, lincinci i-hyoids, kunye namasende amakhulu.

Ngokwahlukileyo kwiiprimate ezininzi zeLizwe Elitsha, apho isini esinye esisalayo kunye neqela lazo lokuzala, abatsha kuzo zombini izini bayawashiya amaqela abo okuqala, ngoko ke iinkawu ezikhwazayo ziya kuchitha ixesha elininzi lobudala bekunye neenkawu ebezingenabudlelwane nazo ngaphambili.

Ukungqubuzana ngokomzimba phakathi kwamalungu eqela akuqhelekanga kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kuhlala ixesha elifutshane, nangona kunjalo, ukwenzakala okukhulu kunokwenzeka. Kubantu besini esinye akufane kuqhambuke imilo, kodwa kunqabe nangakumbi iimfazwe phakathi kwabesini esahlukileyo. Ubungakanani beqela ngalinye buyohluka ngokweentlobo kunye nendawo, kunye nomlinganiselo malunga nenkunzi enye ukuya kwiimazi ezine.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo

Iinkawu zaseHowler zazijongwa njengezilwanyana ezingakwaziyo ukusebenzisa izixhobo. Noko ke, ngowe-1997 isloth yaseVenezuela ( iAlouatta seniculus kuthiwa) yabonwa isebenzisa intonga ukuzama ukubetha iLinnaeus ezineenzwane ezimbini isloth ( Choloepus didactylus ), esasiphumle emthini waso. Oku kubonisa ukuba ezinye iinkawu ezikhalayo, ezifana nale, zinokusebenzisa izixhobo ngeendlela ezingekabonwa.

NoNxibelelwano

Eyona nto idume kakubi kolu didi kukuhamba kwelizwi, isikhalo sayo yenye yezo ziqondwayo ngamandla azo phakathi kweemfene zeHlabathi eLitsha. Esi sandi sikhutshwa ikakhulu ukulumkisa amadoda kwamanye amaqela okanye xa esiva iindudumo kunye neenqwelomoya, kwaye ngokubanzi sikhatshwa kukungxola okukhutshwa ngamabhinqa kunye nabancinci kwiqela. Okunye ukubonakaliswa kwesandi ngokukaNeville et al. (1988) zidweliswe ngezantsi:

«umsindo wokuqala»: umgqumo omfutshane (ugqabhuka) wamadoda amadala kuphazamiso njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla.
«ukugquma kwebhombu»: Ithoni ephezulu ekupheleni kokugquma okuqhelekileyo kwamadoda amadala ekupheleni kokubhomboloza kwawo.
«ukugquma okukhaphayo»: intswahla ephezulu yabasetyhini kunye nabaselula ukukhapha ukugquma kwamadoda.
«Ukukhonkotha (wuf) kwendoda»: ixolo elinzulu kunye nokuphindaphinda kwe-1-4 ekhwaza kumaqela amadoda amadala xa ephazamiseka.
«ixolo lobufazi»: amaxolo aphezulu amabhinqa xa ephazanyiswa.
«Ixolo lendoda yokuqala»: ukukhonkotha kwamadoda amadala xa kuphazamiseke kancinci.
«Ixolo lokuqala lomfazi»: ukukhonkotha okutyhafileyo kweemazi xa iinkunzi ziphazamisekile kancinci.
«I-Oodle»: ukuphindaphindwa kwesingqisho somoya womoya okhutshwa ngabantu abadala abaphazamisekileyo nabanobundlobongela.
«Moan»: izikhalo ezivakalayo zeentsana, abantu abatsha kunye nabasetyhini abadala xa "bekhathazekile".
«Eh»: Ukuphefumla ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimizuzwana embalwa ngabantwana ukugcina uqhagamshelwano.
«Cackle»: ukukhwela phezulu nokuphindaphindayo ziintsana, abasetyhini abancinci nabadala xa beziva besongelwa.
«I-squawk»: ukulandelelana kwamanqaku amathathu okulila athethwa ziintsana xa zilahlekile okanye zikude Umama wakhe.
«yho ha»: sonority of 2-3 syllables kamama xa ehlukene nomntwana wakhe.
«Bhombolozani»: njengokukhala kwenja, ethethwa ziintsana, abancinci kunye nabasetyhini abadala xa besoyika kakhulu.
«Shriek»: Ukubetha EEeeee yeentsana, abancinci kunye nabasetyhini abadala xa besoyika kakhulu.
«ukukhonkotha komntwana»: ukukhonkotha okukhulu kunye nokuqhushumba, kunqabile ukubonakaliswa ziintsana xa zicinezelekile.
«Ukucoca»: njenge-purr yekati, ethethwa ziintsana xa zidibene ngokusondeleyo nomzimba kamama.

Ukukhupha

Kuphando olwenziwa eBarro Colorado apho ukusetyenziswa kwexesha lonke usuku kwavavanywa, kwagqitywa ukuba bachitha i-65,54% ekuphumleni kwabo, i-10,23% ekuhambeni, kunye ne-16,24% ekutyeni. Olunye uphononongo lubonise ukuba iinkawu ezikhalayo zichithe i-58,42% yexesha lokuphumla, i-15,35% isitya, i-14,68% ihambahamba, kunye ne-11,54% zentlalo.

Ihamba kwindawo ene-quadrupedal 70% yexesha; zixhuma kunqabile kwaye zihlala zibambelela emisileni xa zisitya. Olunye uphononongo lubonise ukufuduka okuphindwe kane kwi-47% yamathuba, baxhoma kwi-37% yamaxesha, kwaye baxuba i-10% yamathuba. Indawo ezamkelwa lolu didi zezi: 53% ihleli, 20% ime, 12% ilele phantsi, kunye ne-11% ibambe iinyawo nomsila wayo.Izozela kumasebe axwesileyo kwimithi enobungakanani obuphakathi kwindawo ebezityela kuyo.

Ukuveliswa kwakhona

Amadoda afikelela ekukhuleni ngokwesondo kwiinyanga ezingama-42 kunye nabasetyhini kwi-36 kwaye ixesha labo lezesondo liyi-16,3 iintsuku. Iipheromones kusenokwenzeka ukuba zidlale indima kuwo wonke umjikelo wesondo, njengoko amadoda efunxa amalungu angasese kwaye akhotha umchamo kubafazi. Inkunzi ebalaseleyo kwiqela inelungelo lokukhwelana neemazi. Ukumitha kuthatha iintsuku ezili-186 kwaye ukuzalwa kwenzeka unyaka wonke.

Ngokuqhelekileyo ithole elinye liyaveliswa, elixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kunina. Ngokukhawuleza xa izalwa, umsila wayo we-prehensile awusebenzi, uluncedo kwiinyanga ezi-2. Zibambelela kwisibeleko sikanina de kube ziiveki ezi-2 okanye ezi-3, kulapho ziqala khona ukuncamathela emqolo. Ukhathalelo lukamama lufikelela kwiinyanga ezili-18.

Kolu hlobo, ukhathalelo lukabawo ludume kakubi kuba oomama khange bahambe, nangona kunjalo banokubalinda kwaye babaxhase xa abancinci bengakwazi ukoyisa izithuba phakathi kwemithi. Ngale nto banokufumana inkxaso kwamanye amalungu amadala eqela.

Izilwanyana

Phakathi kwamarhamncwa ayo endalo kukho ijaguar (iPanthera onca), ipuma (Puma concolor), iocelot (Leopardus pardalis) nokhozi (Harpia harpyja), apho kongezelelwa iweasel neenyoka, ezidla ngokutya iintsana, nto leyo ephumela ekubeni kuphela malunga ne-30% yeentsana ezikhalayo eziphila ixesha elide kunonyaka.

Njengoko ukufa kweentsana zabo kuyeyona iphantsi, kunokuchazwa njengoloyiso olukhulu lokuzala oluphunyezwa ngabasetyhini abakwinqanaba eliphakathi, abathi, benendawo yealpha yobuphantsi, mhlawumbi okubangelwa luxinzelelo lokhuphiswano, bahlanganisane ngexesha lokuzalwa. . Ukuba usaphila ebusaneni, umntu okhalayo unokuphila malunga neminyaka engama-25.

Howler Monkey Conservation

Olu didi lwenkawu howlerokanye ijongwa kuLuhlu oluBomvu lweManyano yamaZwe ngamaZwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo (IUCN) njengohlobo olungakhathaliyo kuyo yonke imimandla apho isasazwa khona, ayikho phantsi isigrogriso esimandla, nangona kunjalo kwiindawo ezithile abantu babo bajongene nelahleko yendawo yokuhlala kunye nokuzingela ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Peninsula yase-Azuero kukho ukutshatyalaliswa okunzulu kwendawo ehlala kuyo kwaye kwezinye iimeko ukuqhekeka kwayo.

Kwisebe laseColombia laseChocó, inkawu ekhalayo iphantsi kwenkqubo yokuzingela ebanzi ngabantu baseAfro-Colombian kunye nabantu bomthonyama. Ukongeza koku, kunxweme lweAtlantiki yelizwe ubuncinci i-90% yamahlathi atshatyalalisiwe ukuze kwandiswe izityalo.

Nangona kunjalo, i-Alouatta palliata yintlobo ekwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokuhlala kumahlathi amancinci ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-60 ubudala, kwaye inokumelana nokwahlulwa kunye nomphumo wecala (uqikelelo kwindawo yokuhlala eyahlukileyo), xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo. Oku kungenxa yokuba indlela yabo yokuphila ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, ubungakanani obuncinci bendawo abayidingayo kunye nokutya kwabo okwahlukeneyo.

Inobaluleko olukhulu lwendalo ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo, njengembewu yokusasaza imbewu kunye nanjengentshulisi, kuba imbewu ehamba kwindlela yokwetyisa yenkawu ye howler isenokwenzeka ukuba intshule. Ooqongqothwane be-superfamily Scarabaeoidea, abakwangabasasazi bembewu, babonakala bexhomekeke kubukho be-Alouatta palliata. Ukuthintela urhwebo lwazo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ezi primates ziphantsi kokhuseleko lwezivumelwano ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi jikelele.

I-Ecology ye-Amazon Red Howler Monkey

Ngenxa yosasazo olubanzi lwendawo, i-ecology yenkawu ebomvu yaseAmazonianco iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kweendawo zokufunda. I-Red howlers ikakhulu zizilwanyana ezitya izityalo ezityebileyo kunye ne-folivorous propensity, apho zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweziqhamo, i-pulp yeziqhamo kunye namagqabi, kwaye ukongezelela ukutya kwazo ngeengcambu, iintyatyambo, ii-epiphytes, imbewu, amaqunube, idrupes, i-petioles, i-buds, ixolo, iinkuni. , iidiliya, iiliana kunye nezinye izinto zezityalo.

Phakathi kokutya okuqhelekileyo kwesi silwanyana sizityalo zeFicus, Clarisia, Xylopia, Cecropia, Ogcodeia, kunye ne-Inga genera. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abakhalayo ababomvu batyekele ekutyeni iziqhamo ezinkulu okanye eziphakathi ezinejusi kunye nombala oqaqambileyo. Kwiimfene ze-neotropical, kusenokwenzeka ukuba zezona zityalo zineentyantyambo, zikhetha ukutya amagqabi asematsha ngaphezu kwezo zikhulileyo.

Inani leentlobo zezityalo ezizityayo linokuba phezulu kakhulu, nokuba zibhalisiweKukho iintlobo ze-195 ezivela kwiintsapho ezingama-47 ekutyeni kwazo, nangona kunjalo eli nani aliqhelekanga. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba le datha ikhethekile kwaye ibhekisa ikakhulu kwizityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo kunye nobukho bokutya okuxeliweyo kwindawo yophononongo. Olu didi lwenkawu lukwayinxalenye efanelekileyo ekusasazekeni kwezityalo ngembewu ezityayo zize zisasazeke kwindawo yazo.

Ubukho beziqhamo kwindawo yendalo yenkawu ebomvu ye-Amazonian idla ngokuba ngamaxesha onyaka, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukubaluleka kwayo okuhambelanayo ngaphakathi kwe-d.ieta iyahluka ukusukaNgokonyaka naphakathi kweendawo zokufunda. Ngendlela yokuba, ngamaxesha athile kuwo wonke umjikelo wonyaka, olu didi lweprimate luthanda kakhulu, ngelixa ngamanye amaxesha lunokutya kakhulu.

E-Colombia kwi-Tinigua National Park, into edliwa yi-Amazon howler iyatshintsha ngokobukho bokutya, kodwa ukutya okubini okubalulekileyo ziziqhamo kunye namagqabi aquka phakathi kwe-10-49% kunye ne-43-76% yokutya kwazo, ngokulandelanayo. unyaka. Ngexesha lokunqongophala kweziqhamo, phakathi kukaSeptemba noNovemba, amagqabi afika ukuba athathe umlinganiselo ophezulu wokutya kuneziqhamo. Ukutya okuseleyo unyaka wonke kwenziwa ngembewu (2-8%), iintyatyambo (3-6%) kunye nokunye ukutya (1-2%).

Kuyaziwa ukuba eTinigua, ukutyeba kweziqhamo kuphakama ekuqaleni kwexesha lemvula (ngoMatshi-Meyi) kunye nexesha lonyaka elomileyo (ngoDisemba-Februwari). EPeru, kwiPacaya-Samiria National Reserve, ukufumaneka kweziqhamo kuyafana noko kwenzeka eTinigua, ngaphandle nje kokuba kukho ukunqongophala ngokubanzi ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo. Kule ndawo yophononongo, ixesha elinikezelwe ekutyeni lasasazwa kwiziqhamo (72%), amagqabi (25%) kunye neentyatyambo (3%).

Iinkawu zaseAmazonian ezibomvu azifuni kusela amanzi, ngoko ziyakwazi ukuphila kwiindawo ezikude kumanzi endalo. Ezi nkawu ziye zabonwa zisitya emhlabeni kwiindawo eziqokelelene netyuwa, kunye nokutyisa indlwane yeentubi, into ezidla ngokuyiphinda kangangeentsuku ezimbini okanye ezintathu.

Ukongezelela koku kungasentla, inkawu eyindoda ekhalayo yabonwa ibamba yaye isitya ii-iguana eziluhlaza eFrench Guiana. Nangona kunjalo, lo kuphela komzekelo obhaliweyo wokuziphatha kwezilwanyana kwiintlobo, ngoko kunokubangelwa kuphela kuloo mntu.

Nangona iinkawu zaseAmazonian ezibomvu ziludidi lwemikhwa yemihla ngemihla, zibonisa umahluko kwindlela eziziphatha ngayo imihla ngemihla phakathi kwexesha lonyaka elomileyo neleemvula. EVenezuela, kulo lonke ixesha lonyaka elomileyo, imisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla yahlulwa phakathi kokuphumla (37.9%), ukozela (24.0%), ukutya (19.8%) kunye nokujikeleza (18.4%). Ngalo lonke ixesha lemvula, umlinganiselo wemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yahluka ukusuka ekuphumleni (43.2%), ukozela (18.2%), ukutya (23.8%), kunye nokuhamba (14.8%).

Kwezinye iindawo, umlinganiselo wexesha abalichitha kwizinto ezinjalo ziyafana, kunye nokuthambekela kokuchitha isiqingatha sexesha bephumla nokutya, ngelixa ixesha eliseleyo lichithwa kushukuma. Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba ama-Amazonian abomvu abomvu aphumla ixesha elininzi njengesiphumo sokutya okwenziwe ngamagqabi kunye nokuphazamiseka okunxulumene nokucolwa kwesi sixhobo.

Ngalo lonke ixesha lemvula, iinkawu ezibomvu zaseAmazonian zichitha ixesha elininzi zisitya kwaye ziphumle kancinci kunexesha lonyaka elomileyo. Kulo lonke usuku oluqhelekileyo lwexesha lonyaka elomileyo, kukho amaxesha amabini aphambili apho zitya khona, ixesha lokuxinana okukhulu kusasa nelinye emva kwemini, ipateni efanayo neyabonwa kwingingqi yaseAndean. Ukongeza kule ndlela yokutyisa kakhulu, kusenokubakho ukuya kuthi ga kwiiseshoni ezintathu okanye ezine ezongezelelekileyo zokutyisa imini yonke.

Indlela eqhelekileyo eye yaqatshelwa kukutya iziqhamo ezininzi kusasa namagqabi amaninzi emva kwemini. Imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, ngakumbi ukutya, ihlala iqala ngaphambi kokusa kwaye ime nje ngaphambi kokuba ebusuku. Abakhalayo ababomvu baseAmazon bahlala ubusuku bonke kwi-canopy kwaye bagcinwa kunxibelelwano olusondeleyoisenzo somzimba kwiqela labo.

Ubume bekhaya buhluka ukusuka kwi-0,03 ukuya kwi-1,82 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha (0,1 ukuya kwi-0,7 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha), kodwa kwizifundo ezininzi, ezi ndawo ziphakathi kweeparitha ezisezantsi zento enokwahluka. Kukho imiqondiso ethile ebonisa ukuba iindawo ezihlala ekhaya zizinzile.

Ezi meko zasekhaya zihlala zidibana nezo zamanye amaqela, ngoko ke olu didi alunakuthathelwa ngqalelo njengommandla ongqongqo. Imithi esetyenziswa zezi primate ukulala ibekwe kwindawo ezithile ngaphakathi kwendawo esele ikhankanywe ngasentla yekhaya ngokunjalo nakwiindawo ezidibana neendawo zokuhlala zamanye amaqela.

Ubude obuqhelekileyo bohambo lwemihla ngemihla lwezi nkawu buphakathi kweemitha ezingama-980-1150 (3.215,2-3.773,0 iinyawo) ngosuku, kodwa zinokuhamba phakathi kweemitha ezingama-340 ukuya kuma-2.200 (1.115,5 kunye neenyawo ezi-7.217,8). Imeko ekusenokwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe izixhobo okanye ukuqhatha ngabom kwinkawu yasendle yaseAmazonia ebomvu, eyabonwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ibetha isloth ( Choloepus didactylus ) ngentonga.

Ngenxa yosasazo olubanzi kwiindawo ezinkulu, i-Amazonian red howler ingahlala ihleli kwindawo efanayo nezinye iintlobo zeeprimates. Ezi ziquka amalungu e-genera Callithrix, Saguinus, Saimiri, Aotus, Callicebus, Pithecia, Cacajao, Cebus, Lagothrix, kunye ne-Ateles.

Iinkawu zesigcawu (Ateles paniscus) zigxothwa zii-red holers zaseAmazonia xa zizifumana zikuloo mthi apho zizibonelela ngeziqhamo zasendle. Ukongeza koku, ixhama elinomsila omhlophe (i-Odocoileus virginianus) yenza imibutho kunye neenkawu ezibomvu ze-Amazonian. Amaxhama ahlala phantsi kwemithi apho iinkawu zityela khona ukutya kwazo, nto leyo ewanika ukutya ezinokuthi ngempazamo ezi mfene zikuwise phantsi ehlathini.

Iintaka ezidla inyama zigqwesile, zizilwanyana ezitya iinkawu ezibomvu zeAmazonian. Ukhozi (Harpia harpyja) luye lwabonwa luhlasela, lubulala, kwaye lutya iinkawu ezikhulileyo, ngakumbi kwindawo ekhutshiweyo okanye yemida yamahlathi apho ezi nkawu zingakwazi ukuzikhusela ekuxhatshazweni zezi raptors.

Kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba iijaguars ( Panthera onca ) zikwangamaxhoba eenkawu zaseAmazonian ebomvu, nangona oku akuzange kubonwe ngokuthe ngqo. Ezinye izilwanyana ezinokudla, nangona zingaqinisekiswanga, ziquka iicougars ( Felis concolor ), iimpungutye (Cerdocyon thous), iiocelots ( Leopardus pardalis ), iingwenya ( Caiman crocodiles ), kunye neeboa constrictors.

Ukuzithuma okuqhelekileyo kuqhelekile kwiinkawu ezibomvu zaseAmazonian, nangona abantu abathile benokuzikhulula bodwa. Ngokubanzi, iqela lizihlamba ngexesha elinye kwaye lisuka kumthi omnye okanye iqela lemithi kwaye le ndlela yokuziphatha ihlala isenzeka. kusasa luevuka, emini nasemva kwexesha lokuphumla.

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