Nabani na oye wafunda incwadi kwaye kufuneka ayichaze ngesizathu kunye nesigwebo ufumana isixhobo esibalulekileyo esikhoyo: ingxelo yokufunda. Olu xwebhu (Ingxelo yesiGqeba) shwankathela, acazulule aze avavanye umsebenzi Ngendlela ecacileyo, ecwangcisiweyo, neluncedo kwabo bangekayifundi okanye abafuna ukuthatha isigqibo sokuba kufanelekile na ukuyihlolisisa nzulu. Ayisosishwankathelo esilula: inika ingqiqo, ulwakhiwo kunye nesikhokelo.
Eklasini, isetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuqonda kunye nokucinga okunzulu; kushishino lokushicilela, kuyanceda ukufumanisa ukuba umbhalo-ngqangi uyabambeka kunye nendlela yokuwucokisa. Ingxelo inokuba yezemfundo (yesikolo / iyunivesithi) okanye ingcali (kubapapashi kunye nababhali)Kuzo zombini ezi meko, injongo yabo iyafana: ukunika ingqiqo echanekileyo yokuba isicatshulwa singantoni na, indlela esakhiwe ngayo, kunye nexabiso elinikelwayo.
Yintoni ingxelo yokufunda?
Ingxelo yokufunda sisicatshulwa esichazayo nesisoloko sinengxoxo-mpikiswano esibhalwa emva kokufunda umsebenzi. Umsebenzi wayo kukushwankathela umxholo, ukucacisa imixholo ephambili kunye nokukhupha uvavanyo oluqiqayo.Kwinkalo yemfundo, ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya ulwazi oluphambili (isihloko, umbhali, umxholo), isishwankathelo sesicwangciso okanye iingcamango, uhlalutyo lwezinto zangaphakathi (umlandisi, abalinganiswa, isakhiwo), kunye nombono womntu oxhaswa kakuhle.
Kwintsimi yopapasho, ikwabizwa ngokuba yingxelo yokuhlela. Ilungiselelwe ngumfundi oqeqeshiweyo ukuvavanya umgangatho woncwadi kunye namandla orhwebo ombhalo-ngqangi. phambi kokuyithumela kwi-arhente, umpapashi, okanye ukuzipapasha ngokwakho. Isebenzisa ulwimi oluthe ngqo, ichonge amandla kunye nobuthathaka, kwaye inokucebisa utshintsho kwisakhiwo, ithoni, isantya, abalinganiswa, okanye indlela yokusebenza.
Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kwezi ndlela zimbini ukuze ungaxubi iinjongo. Isifundiswa sibeka phambili umboniso wokuqonda nohlalutyo, ngelixa ingcali iphinda iqikelele ukuba isicatshulwa sinokuthengiswa, ngabaphi abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo, kwaye ngawaphi amanyathelo aya kufaneleka ukuyiphucula.
Yenzelwe ntoni kwaye zeziphi iingenelo zayo?
Izibonelelo zibonakala kubafundi, ababhali, kunye nabapapashi ngokufanayo. Phucula ingqiqo yokufunda ngokusinyanzela ukuba sidibanise, sibeke phambili izimvo kwaye sikhangele unxulumano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwamacandelo esicatshulwa.
Ikwaqhuba nokuzigweba. Phuhlisa ukucinga nzulu kuba ifuna ukuphonononga iingxoxo, ukuhambelana kwesakhiwo, imvelaphi kunye nesimbo, kunye nokuxhasa uluvo ngemizekelo ephuma kwisicatshulwa.
Kwimfundo, sisixhobo sokuhlola esisebenzayo. Ivumela utitshala ukuba alinganise ukuqonda, izakhono zokudibanisa kunye nengxoxo ngemveliso ebhaliweyo etyhila iinkqubo zokufunda ezinzulu.
Kwimekobume yobungcali, kungundoqo ekwenzeni izigqibo. Inceda ekwenzeni isigqibo enoba umbhalo-ngqangi ufanele upapashwe kusini na, indlela yokubeka ngokutsha, okanye ngabaphi abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo, ukonga ixesha labavakalisi abazaliswa ziincwadi zokuqala.
Uyenza njani ingxelo yokufunda inyathelo ngenyathelo
Ngaphambi kokubhala, kufuneka ufunde ngokwenene. Funda ngononophelo, ngokupheleleyo, kunye namanqaku. esalatha izicatshulwa eziphambili, abalinganiswa, izijija, iingcamango eziphindaphindiweyo kunye nemibuzo. Kuphephe ukutyibilika ngokukhawuleza: kufuneka ubambe injongo, ithoni, ulwakhiwo, kunye neenuances.
Emva kokufunda okokuqala, idrafti iyacetyiswa. Yabelana ngeengcinga zakho, izicatshulwa ezibalulekileyo kunye nemibuzo oko kukunceda ugxile kuhlalutyo lwakho: ngowuphi umxholo olawulayo? Yintoni eyatsala ingqalelo yakho? Uceba ntoni umbhali? Yintoni esebenzayo kwaye yintoni engasebenziyo?
Umxholo wophando kunye nombhali xa wongeza ixabiso. Hlaziya idatha yopapasho, uhlobo, ixesha kunye nolwamkelo olubalulekileyo ukuqonda ngcono umsebenzi. Ukuba kufanelekile, yenza umhlathi ovuma ubuqambi, umhla, umpapashi, kunye nomxholo wenkcubeko.
Phuhlisa isishwankathelo ngokunqanda. Shwankathela kwisiqendu esinye okanye ezibini ukuba isicatshulwa singantoni na, umxholo wayo, kunye nolandelelwano oluphambili. Kuphephe ukonakalisa isiphelo ukuba injongo ayikufuni, kwaye ungabhidanisi isishwankathelo ngophononongo: ulwalathiso lubalulekile apha.
Uhlalutyo olubalulekileyo luyafika. Vavanya ukuqina kweengxoxo, ukucaca kwesakhiwo, intsusa kunye nesimboKwibali, kuphonononga umbalisi, amazwi, ixesha, indawo, ukukhula kwabalinganiswa, isantya kunye nobunyani; kwi-nonfiction, iphonononga ukuchaneka, ukucaca kwenkcazo, inkxaso yomthombo, kunye nokusetyenziswa komfundi.
Bandakanya uluvo lwakho lobuqu, olunesiseko esihle. Cacisa into oyithandileyo, yintoni ebihlekisayo kwaye kutheni., esoloko enemizekelo. Ngaphandle kokuwela kwimfundiso: ukuzithoba kwamkelekile ukuba kuxhaswa sisicatshulwa.
Sondeza ngesiphelo esilungiselelwe injongo. Shwankathela uvavanyo lulonke kwaye, ukuba kufanelekile, cebisa okanye ungalufundi., ichaza ukuba ifaneleka kubani na.
Ukuba usebenzise imithombo ethile okanye ushicilelo, nceda wongeze iimbekiselo. Uluhlu lweencwadi lubonelela ngokungafihlisi kunye nokuthembeka, ngakumbi kumaphepha emfundo.
Ubume beClassical (indawo yemfundo)
Nangona ingumbhalo oguquguqukayo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ulandele uyilo olwaziwayo. Esi sakhiwo senza kube lula ukufunda ngokutyibilikayo kunye novavanyo olucwangcisiweyo.:
- EPortada: isihloko sengxelo, igama lombhali wengxelo, iziko, umhla kunye nesixeko.
- Intshayelelo: ulwazi lokuqala malunga nomsebenzi (umbhali, umxholo, uhlobo), umxholo kunye nenjongo.
- Indlela yokwenza okanye isishwankathelo: Ukunikezelwa kwesakhiwo sebali okanye iingcamango eziphambili, abalinganiswa neziganeko eziphambili.
- Uphononongo/Ukala: Isigwebo esibukhali somfundi, kunye neengxoxo kunye nemizekelo.
- Ukuvalwa: : isishwankathelo kunye noluvo lokugqibela (kunye okanye ngaphandle kwengcebiso).
- IBhayibhile: idatha yokuhlela yomsebenzi kunye nemithombo ekudityanwe nayo.
Kuncwadi, izinto zangaphakathi kufuneka zichazwe. Chonga umbalisi, abalinganiswa kunye nabalinganiswa abaxhasayo, kunye neploti (ulandelelwano, iingxabano, iziphumo). Yongeza, ukuba iyongeza, imigqaliselo kwirejista yolwimi kunye namanani obuciko.
Ingcebiso eluncedo ngelixa ufunda: jonga kwisalathiso kunye ne icandelo loluhlu (kunye ne-ISBN) ukukhangela uhlobo kunye nokulindela ubume behlabathi.
Umzekelo okhokelwayo: itemplate yengxelo emfutshane
Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wengxelo engomfuziselo wenoveli yobugqi obubhalwe ngumntu waseColombia ophumelele iBhaso leNobel. Unokuvula ngokulungiselela umbhali, ixesha, kunye nokufaneleka.; cacisa ukuba lo msebenzi ugubungela izizukulwana ezininzi zosapho kwidolophu yasentsomini kwaye udibanisa imihla ngemihla nezinto ezimangalisayo ngokungathi ziyafana.
Kwisishwankathelo, ushwankathela isaga yosapho ukusuka ekusekweni kwedolophu ukuya ekuwohlokeni kwayo. Xela amanani aphambili (umzekelo, usolusapho, iqabane lakhe, inzala ephambili, kunye namanani anophawu) kunye nendlela iziganeko zembali ezibujikeleza ngayo kwaye bubeka imeko kubomi babalinganiswa.
Ukuhlola, hlalutya indlela ulwimi, ulwakhiwo lwexesha lesetyhula, kunye nemotifi yeempawu ezixhasa amava okufunda. Cacisa ukuba kutheni unyango lobulolo, uthando okanye ukufa lukhumbuleka. kunye nendlela ezidityaniswe ngayo kwilaphu elibalisayo.
Ekuvaleni, beka umsebenzi kwabo banokuba ngabafundi. Yicebise ngokukwazi ukuyila ilizwe elilelakhe kunye nefuthe lenkcubeko., ijolise kwabo bathanda iincwadi ezintsonkothileyo ezinemiqondiso nezithethe.
Uluhlu lweencwadi lulinganiselwe kuhlelo olusetyenzisiweyo. Kubandakanya umbhali, unyaka, isihloko, umshicileli kunye nendawo yopapasho ukuze nabani na akwazi ukuyifumana lula.
Ingxelo yokuFunda yobuNgcali kubabhali nabapapashi
Kwinkqubo yokupapasha, ingxelo yokufunda izalisekisa omnye umsebenzi owongezelelweyo. Isebenza njengoxilongo loncwadi kunye nekhampasi yorhwebo. ukwenza isigqibo ngento emayipapashwe, indlela yokuphucula, kunye nendlela yokuyibeka. Ibhalwa ngabafundi abaziingcali (abahleli, abahloli-mpazamo abanamava, izifundiswa, okanye ababhali abanamava).
Ilizwi lakhe licacile kwaye lithe ngqo. Shwankathela, hlalutya kwaye ucebise uphuculo oluthile (kuhlenga kwakhona izahluko, qinisa iarc yomlinganiswa, manyanisa ilizwi elibalisayo, lungisa isantya, cokisa ulwimi) kananjalo uvavanye ukufaneleka kwemarike kunye nabaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo.
Namhlanje inokucelwa naphi na. Abapapashi kunye neenkonzo ezikhethekileyo basebenza kwi-intanethi eSpain naseLatin America., ngokuthunyelwa ngeposi kunye neentlanganiso ezikude. Yinkonzo exabiseke ngakumbi ukuba uyazipapasha.
Zilumkele izithembiso ezingenakwenzeka. Ingxelo yokufunda esemgangathweni ayihlawulelwanga kwaye ayenziwa ngumatshini.. Ifuna isigwebo somntu esinobuchule kunye nemfihlo ukunqanda umngcipheko wokukopa okanye ukuvuza.
Amacandelo engxelo yokuhlela (imodeli yebhloko e-7)
Ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lovavanyo lwababhali ludla ngokubandakanya amacandelo ahlukeneyo. Olu lwandlalo luneengongoma ezisixhenxe luluncedo yaye lubanzi.:
- Iphepha lobugcisa: isihloko, uhlobo, ubude, ulwimi, abaphulaphuli kunye nolwazi lokufunda ngobuchule.
- Isishwankathelo sekhava yangasemva: malunga ne-100 ekhangayo kunye namagama athembekileyo kumxholo wokubamba umfundi.
- Uhlalutyo lomxholo kunye nesakhiwo: izahluko, ulandelelwano, amazwi, amaxesha nezithuba; ukuyondelelana kwangaphakathi.
- Isini, ulwimi nesimbo: irejista, imvakalo-zwi, izixhobo, ukufaneleka kwabaphulaphuli kunye nokuphumelela komyalezo.
- Ukomelela: into entsha enomxholo, ukucaca kweprozi/ivesi, abalinganiswa abanamandla, ukufunda ngokulula.
- Iingcebiso: : uluhlu lwekhonkrithi lophuculo (ukusuka kwi-orthotypography ukuya kwi-reengineering).
- Uqikelelo lwentengiso: amandla okuthengisa, i-niche, iireferensi ezithelekisekayo kunye nezicwangciso ezicetyiswayo.
Imizekelo emine eqhelekileyo (inoveli, intsomi, isihobe namabali amafutshane)
Ukuze ube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni woku, cinga ngamatyala amane amele abameli. Kwinoveli ye-prose ecacileyo kunye nesigqi se-agileIngxelo inokukuqhwabela izandla ukufunda nokubhala kwayo, kodwa ilumkise ngeengxaki zokuchaneka kweenkuthazo zabalinganiswa, utshintsho lwelizwi olungazinzanga, kunye nezithuba zexesha. Ndingacebisa ukuba kukhethwe ilizwi elinye elibalisayo, ukulungelelanisa ngokutsha ulandelelwano, kunye nokususa abalinganiswa abakwisibini abangafaki galelo; iya kuba namandla okurhweba ukuba ingxabano icaciswa kwaye isonjululwe ngokuthembekileyo.
Kwisincoko esingeyonyani esifikelelekayo, esithatyathwe kwithisisi, ulungelelwaniso phakathi kobungqongqo kunye nosasazo luya kuqaqambisa. Kunokucetyiswa ukuba kwandiswe apho kusilela khona, isigama esichanekileyo (amagama eekhompawundi, umzekelo), kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamagatya angaphantsi ukuze kucace. Abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo baya kucaca (iingcali kunye nabo baqhelene nesihloko), kwaye ifomathi ye-ebook iya kwandisa ukufikelela kwayo.
Kwingqokelela yeengoma zemibongo egxile kuthando, Ukhetho lwelexical, isingqisho kunye nokuhlaziyeka kwesihloko kuya kunconywaUkuba isandulela sithembisa ngevesi ekhululekileyo kodwa kukho imibongo enemitha esisigxina kunye nemvano-siphelo, kuya kufuneka ulandelelwano olusesikweni ngokuhlenga-hlengisa ezi tekisi. Ngokwezorhwebo, abaphulaphuli banokuba banzi, nokuba isihobe sithengisa kancinci; iaudiobook inokuvula imarike.
Kwisixa samabali adibeneyo alungiselelwe abafundi abaneembekiselo zamandulo, ubutyebi be-winks kunye ne-erudition enedosi kakuhle iya kugxininiswa, kodwa mhlawumbi kukho intambo efanayo elahlekileyo ukuze ihlanganise yonke into. Ilizwi langaphandle lokudibanisa iziqwenga linokunyusa amava, kwaye ekuthengiseni, isigqubuthelo esithetha ngeemodeli ze-niche kunye nezenzo kwiindawo ezinxulumene nazo ziya kucetyiswa.
Ulawulo lomgangatho: Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo zifunyenwe kwiNgxelo
Umfundi ochubekileyo uchonga izinto ezingangqinelaniyo umbhali ahlala engazihoyi. Ukungahambelani kwexesha okanye kwesizathu, iziqalo ezingathandekiyo, amazwi angazinzanga, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweengqikelelo, ulwazi olugqithileyo okanye iingcaciso ezingachanekanga umfundi ziimpazamo eziqhelekileyo.
Kwiingxelo ezingeyonyani, iingxaki zokucaciswa kwengcaciso zininzi. Ukugqithiswa kobugcisa obungachazwanga, imihlathi eshinyeneyo kunye namagatya asezantsi asezantsi Bayacotha ukufunda baze bawusithe umyalezo. Isisombululo kukwahlula izimvo kunye nokubeka phambili imizekelo ecacileyo.
Kwimibongo kunye neprozi yeengoma, ulungelelwaniso phakathi kweembongi ezibhengeziweyo kunye nemo yokwenyani kudala ingxolo. Ukuba ivesi ekhululekileyo ithenjisiwe, kufuneka ihlonitshweUkuba ukhetha imvano-siphelo, mayibe ngabom, yahluke, kwaye ifaneleke.
Ngaba ndifuna ingxelo yokufunda?
Ukuba ugqiba umbhalo-ngqangi kwaye uyathandabuza ukuhambelana kwawo, isantya, okanye abaphulaphuli, udinga amehlo angaphandle. Xa abalinganiswa bengachazwanga, isakhiwo asikholeleki okanye kukho iindawo ezibuthathakaIngxelo ikunika umkhombandlela wophuculo. Oku kuyinyani ukuba ufuna ukuhambisa kubapapashi kwaye ufuna ukugqama ngovavanyo lwangaphambili lobuchwephesha.
Kubafundi, ukuba ucelwe ingxelo yezifundo, musa ukwenza ngcono. Funda ngokwenkqubo, thatha amanqaku, jonga isalathiso kunye nohlobo kuluhlu., kwaye ilandela isakhiwo esicacileyo: isingeniso, isishwankathelo, uhlalutyo kunye novavanyo.
Isikhokelo esisebenzayo kwiintshukumo ezi-6
Ukuba uyalelwe ukuba wenze enye esikolweni okanye eyunivesithi, ungasebenzisa le ndlela ukukuxhasa. Okokuqala, ukufunda nzulu ngamanqaku (abalinganiswa, iindawo, amaxesha abalulekileyo). Okwesibini, isishwankathelo esifutshane sesikhokelo. Okwesithathu, isishwankathelo sesakhiwo (izahluko, amazwi, ixesha). Okwesine, uhlalutyo lwejenri kunye nemigaqo yalo. Okwesihlanu, imiba ephawulekayo. Okwesithandathu, ukugxeka kwakho okwakhayo.
Esi sikimu, xa sisetyenziswe kakuhle, siveza imiqondiso, imidlalo yethutyana kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabalinganiswa. Ikwalinyathelo lokuqala elibalaseleyo lovavanyo lwexesha elizayo. ngophuhliso olukhulu lwethiyori.
Ukubhala: isimbo nomboniso
Xa ubhala, ncamathela kwizivakalisi ezicacileyo kunye nolandelelwano olunengqiqo. Umhlathi ngamnye ufanele uvelise ingcamango eyintloko kwaye uqhagamshelane nelandelayo ngaphandle kokutsiba ngequbuliso. Ziphephe ii-verbosity: umfundi uyakuxabisa ukushwankathela kunye ne-substance.
Kwinxalenye ebalulekileyo, ziphephe izinto eziqhelekileyo. Isigwebo ngasinye masixhaswe yimizekelo ekwisicatshulwa. (izicatshulwa ezimfutshane okanye iimbekiselo kwimiboniso, izahluko, okanye amacandelo). Oku kongeza ubunzima kuvavanyo lwakho.
Qaphela i-orthotypography. Qwalasela izigxivizo, iziphumlisi, iimpawu zocaphulo kunye nobumba abakhulu, ngakumbi ukuba uquka amagama obugcisa okanye ibhibliyografi. Isicatshulwa esibekwe kakuhle sidlulisela igunya.
Iindleko, ukufikelela kunye nemfihlo (umda wobugcisa)
Amaxabiso engxelo yobuchwephesha ayohluka ngokuxhomekeke kubude, uhlobo, nobunzulu obufunekayo. Idla ngokuxatyiswa ngenani lamaphepha okanye amagama., kunye neemeko ezithile zeencwadi zamabali amafutshane ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwazo.
Namhlanje kulula ukufaka isicelo ukude. Ukusuka eSpain okanye eLatin America unokuqesha umfundi wokuhlela we-intanethi, vumelana ngexesha elibekiweyo kwaye ufumane uxwebhu oluneenkcukacha kunye nokuxilongwa kunye nemephu yendlela.
Zilumkele iintengiso. Izithembiso ezifana "nengxelo yasimahla ye-intanethi" azinakwenzekaUmgangatho ufuna iiyure zokufunda ngocoselelo kunye nesigwebo sengcali. Soloko ujonga imigaqo-nkqubo yabucala kunye nolawulo lombhalo-ngqangi.
Iingcebiso ezikhawulezayo zokulungisa ingxelo yakho
- Chaza injongo (ezemfundo xa zithelekiswa nomhleli) kwaye ulungelelanisa ithoni, ububanzi kunye noluhlu lweencwadi.
- Chaza abaphulaphuli lowo ubhekiswa kuye umsebenzi kwaye avavanye ukuba ingaba irejista kunye nesakhiwo sifanelekile.
- Ibhalansi isishwankathelo kunye nohlalutyo: ungasilelanga emxholweni okanye ulahleke kwiimbono ezingenasihlahla.
- Cebisa ngophuculo olunokuthathelwa amanyathelo apho kufanelekileyo: utshintsho oluthile noluphambili.
Nokuba uyafunda, uyabhala, okanye uhlela, ingxelo entle yokufunda lutyalo-mali ekucaciseni. Ikunceda ukuba usiqonde ngcono isicatshulwa, unxibelelane ngondoqo waso kwaye wenze izigqibo ezikrelekrele. malunga nekamva layo (lezemfundo okanye lomhleli) ngeengxoxo, indlela kunye nokugxila.
