IColombia lilizwe elineenkcubeko ezininzi kwaye enye yeenkcubeko yinxalenye yesazisi sesi sizwe, sisizwe. Inkcubeko ye-Afro-Colombian. Ngeli nqaku, siyakumema ukuba ufunde okungakumbi malunga neempawu, izithethe kunye nezithethe, iinkolelo, kunye nokunye okuthakazelisayo kwenkcubeko.
Inkcubeko ye-Afro-Colombian
Igama elithi Afro-Colombians libhekisela kubantu bomnombo waseAfrika abahlala kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo yaseColombia; kodwa ngendlela efanayo, kukho ezinye iintetho zendawo ezixhaphake kakhulu ukubhekisela kuzo: abamnyama, i-morochos, i-brunettes, i-costeños, abantu abakhululekile, abantu abanemibala kunye ne-Afro-inzala.
Abantsundu eKholombiya bayinzala yabantu baseAfrika, abathi ekuqaleni baziswa njengamakhoboka ngexesha lobukoloniyali. Kugxilwe ikakhulu kwimimandla emithathu: unxweme lwePasifiki, unxweme lweCaribbean kunye neValle del Cauca; Ukongeza, i-Afro-inzala yafudukela kwizixeko ezinjengeBogotá neMedellín. Bonke abantu base-Afro-Colombian bathetha iSpanishi, ngaphandle kwesixeko saseSan Basilio de Palenque, apho bathetha isiPalenquero.
Ngoku ewe, xa sithetha ngenkcubeko yase-Afro-Colombian, sibhekisela kwiseti yamasiko kunye nezithethe zabantu baseColombia abane-Afro-descendants; Kweli lizwe, abemi base-Afro-inzala bamele i-10,6% yabemi bebonke besi sizwe. Ngesi sizathu, bayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yabantu baseColombia, kuba igalelo labo kunye neempembelelo zabo zibalulekile kwinkcubeko.
Ukufika kwabantu abaninzi baseAfrika eKholombiya kwaqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-300, xa oomatiloshe baseBritani barhweba ngamakhoboka kunye noBukhosi baseSpain kwindawo eyayibizwa ngokuba yiNew Granada. Esi senzo saqhubeka phantse iminyaka engama-1851, nto leyo eyenza iColombia ibe yeyona nto iphambili kurhwebo lwamakhoboka eMzantsi Melika. Emva kokupheliswa kobukhoboka ngowe-XNUMX, abemi baseAfro-Colombia bakufumanisa kunzima ukunxulumana nebutho labantu belo lizwe. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ayehlala kwimimandla eselunxwemeni apho ayefikela khona okanye kwiziqithi eziselumelwaneni.
Nangona ukuvinjelwa kokuqala ukubonakalisa amasiko abo kumhlaba waseColombia, izithethe ze-Afro-decendants ziye zasinda ixesha, ezinye ziye zatshintshwa emva kokulungelelaniswa kwenkcubeko yaseColombia kwaye ezinye zifakwe kwilifa lenkcubeko yelizwe.
Uphononongo lwembali
Ngexesha lobukoloniyali, ngenxa yokunyamalala okwandileyo kwabemi bomthonyama, uKumkani waseSpain uCarlos V wagunyazisa ukwaziswa kwabantu baseAfrika ukuba basebenze ngenkani eMelika. Ngaloo ndlela, ngowe-1518, kwafika amakhoboka amalunga nama-200.000 80.000 evela kwinqanawa yokuqala evela eAngola, eSenegal, eGuinea naseCongo; ezazahlulwe phakathi kwe-Ecuador, iVenezuela, iPanama, iPeru neColombia. Kweso sixa, kuphela abangama-XNUMX XNUMX abangena ngezibuko laseCartagena, apho bathengwa baza basiwa kwiimarike zelizwe; phakathi kwawo kwakukho iPopayán, iSanta Fe de Antioquia, iHonda, iAnserma, iZaragoza neCali.
Kule meko, abantu baseAfrika babesetyenziselwa imigodi, ukulima kunye nomsebenzi wamakhoboka. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, abantu baseSpeyin baloyisa unxweme lwePasifiki, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba ibe yindawo ebalulekileyo yokugcina amakhoboka.
Ngoko ke, ukuba ngqwabalala kobukhoboka kuyahluka ngokwemimandla, yaye ikhoboka linethuba lokulisebenzisa ukuze kungenelwe lona, usuku olunye ngeveki. Abanye babenokuyithenga inkululeko yabo, ababeyinikwe ngumphathi wabo, yaye abanye babesaba xa loo mimandla ingakhuselwanga; amakhoboka asindileyo aya kuhlala kwiilali ezinqatyisiweyo ezibizwa ngokuba zii<em>quilombos okanye iipalenques, ukuze azikhusele kumaphulo aseSpeyin. Ezi ndawo ziye zaqatsela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye zavumela abantu bomnombo waseAfrika ukuba bazibandakanye kwidabi lenkululeko.
Ngexesha iColombia ifumana uzimele-geqe ngowe-1819, ukubaluleka kobukhoboka kwakusele kuhlile kwiindawo ezininzi, nangona kwakuseyimfuneko kwimimandla yePasifiki naseCauca. Kamva, ngoMeyi 21, 1851, ubukhoboka bapheliswa eKholombiya yaye ngenxa yoko, amakhoboka aba ngabasebenzi basemgodini neehaciendas zeenkosi zabo zangaphambili, ngakumbi eAntioquia naseCauca. Kummandla wePasifiki, abantu bomnombo waseAfrika baye baziphangelela.
Afro-Colombian Uluntu
Abantu baseAfro-Colombia baye bahlala kwiindawo ezikufutshane namazibuko abo aphambili. Ngenxa yokuba unxweme olusenyakatho yeColombia luhlukaniswe yiPanama; nangona kunjalo, amaqela omnombo waseAfrika abekwe kumanxweme oLwandlekazi lwePasifiki nakunxweme loLwandle lweCaribbean.
Amasebe aseChocó (82%), eBolívar (27%), eCauca (22%) kunye ne-Atlántico (20%) aphakathi kwemimandla yaseColombia enobuninzi be-Afro-decendants. Abona masipala benabemi abaninzi ngabantu abantsundu yiSantander de Quilichao (97.7%), iMaría la Baja (97.1%), iLa Tola (96%) neVilla Rica (95%).
Kwakhona ngasentshona yoLwandle lweCaribbean kukho iziqithi zaseSan Andrés, Providencia kunye neSanta Catalina; nelelinye lamasebe angama-32 eColombia kwaye abemi bayo abangama-56,98% bebonke. Ezi ndawo zaseNtshona Afrika-Amerika zaziwa ngokuba yiRaizales.
IPalenque yaseSan Basilio
Ngenxa yokuba bengamakhoboka, abantu baseAfrika baseMerika babengavunyelwa ukuba babonise izithethe zabo okanye bathabathe inxaxheba kumasiko asekuhlaleni. Ngeli nqanaba, amakhoboka akhokelwa nguBenkos Biohó akwazi ukubalekela eColombia aze enze indawo yawo: iPalenque de San Basilio.
IPalnque ibizwa ngokuba "sisisixeko sokuqala esikhululekileyo e-United States", kuba yasekwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, xa uninzi lwelizwekazi lalisalawulwa. Ngoku, bakwazile ukugcina izithethe zabo kunye nolwimi lwabo; Yindawo namhlanje ebizwa ngokuba liLifa leMveli leNkcubeko eNgaphathekiyo loLuntu.
Iimpawu zenkcubeko
Isazisi
Igama elithi Afro-Colombian liqela eliqhelekileyo elibhekisa kubantu abanemilinganiselo eyahluka-hlukeneyo yenzala yama-Afro ehlala kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yaseColombia. Ngamanye amazwi, ngaphakathi kwe-Afro-Colombian kukho ii-subcultures ezahlukeneyo, azinayo inkcubeko edibeneyo.
Umzekelo, abemi bomthonyama beziqithi zaseSan Andrés, Providencia, kunye neSanta Catalina ngokwembali nangenkcubeko bakwisakhiwo senkcubeko yaseWest Indian eyakhiwe phantsi kwempembelelo yobukoloniyali baseBritani, kodwa baphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulayo lweColombianization ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. inkulungwane yamashumi amabini. .
Ubume obungekho sikweni kunye negunya lifunyanwa ngokuba mdala kunye neempawu zobuntu. Umzekelo, umlingiswa, amava, impumelelo ekuhambiseni iimpahla, isakhono sobunkokeli. Izigqibo ezithile kunye nolawulo lweengxabano zilawulwa kweli nqanaba.
inethiwekhi yosapho
Abemi base-Afro-Kholombiya bahlala benothungelwano lobudlelwane obuxengaxengayo, apho abantu kunye neentsapho badityaniswa khona phakathi komnombo ongachazwanga kakuhle, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba lusapho. Ukuhlelwa kwe "umzala" okanye "umakazi" kunokubandakanya izalamane ezininzi.
Ulwimi
Ngenxa yeemfuno zabo zonxibelelwano, abantu bomthonyama baseAfrika baye benza iilwimi zesiCreole. Ulwimi lwesiCreole lulwimi oluxuba iilwimi zezizwana ezahlukeneyo; Ukongezelela, ezi zibonakaliswe ngokukodwa phakathi kwamakhoboka aseAfrika eMelika, ekwakufuneka aqhelane nolwimi lwamakholoniyali.
Akuba efikile apho ayesiya khona, amakhoboka ayesahlulwa ukuze abantu ababini besizwe esinye, intsapho okanye ummandla omnye bangahlali kunye. Ndiyabulela kule nto, i-Afro-inzala yahlengahlengisa iilwimi zabo ezahlukeneyo, ngaphezu kweSpanish, isiPhuthukezi, isiFrentshi okanye isiNgesi esithethwa ngabathengisi babo, ngaloo ndlela benza ulwimi lwesiCreole.
EKholombiya, ulwimi lwesiCreole ngeSpanish sisiPalenquero Creole, ubukhulu becala isiCreole sasePalenque de San Basilio. Olu lwimi luthetha abantu abangama-3.500. Ngokunjalo, kwiziqithi zaseColombia ineSan Andres Creole njengentetho yayo, ulwimi oluthatyathwe kwisiNgesi olubizwa ngokuba yiRaizales.
Iimpawu zejografi
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, inkcubeko ye-Afro-Colombian ithathe ingcambu kwimimandla emithathu ebalulekileyo; Emva koko, ngamnye kubo uya kuchazwa kunye neempawu zabo:
Pacifico
Iindawo zokuhlala zaseAfro-Kholombiya kulo mmandla zikumlambo, ecaleni kwechibi, okanye unxweme, kwaye zihlala zisasazwe ngokubanzi. Ezi zindlu zakhiwe ngamaplanga axande phezu kwezibonda kunye nophahla lwesundu. Ezinye zezona zixeko zikhulu zenkcubeko yaseAfro-Colombian ziquka iQuibdó, iTumaco kunye nePort of Buenaventura.
ICauca
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iindawo zokuhlala zaseAfro-Colombia eValle del Cauca zifumaneka kwiifama ezincinci zabalimi, iidolophu kunye needolophana. Eli linani labemi abondla abasebenzi boshishino lommoba; noko ke, abantu abaninzi balo mmandla bafudukela kwizixeko ezinjengeCali neMedellín, apho badla ngokuhlala kwiindawo ezakhiwe ngabo bodwa.
ECaribbean
Imele iphondo apho uluntu lwase-Afro-Colombian lukhulu kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisasazwa ngasemanxwemeni, zihlala kwizindlu ezenziwe ngamaplanga kunye noyilo lwexande; ezinye iindawo zokuhlala ziphakathi kwelizwe ukusuka kummandla, kwizixeko okanye kwiindawo ezithobeke kakhulu njengeBarranquilla neCartagena.
Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho
Ngokwemeko yezoqoqosho, imisebenzi esetyenziswa ngabemi base-Afro-Colombian iyahluka ngokwengingqi nganye apho bahlala khona.
Imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kummandla wePasifiki ibandakanya ukulinywa kwebhanana okanye umbona, ukufuya iihagu, ukuloba, ukuzingela, kunye nemigodi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukugawulwa kwemithi kuye kwaba yinto efanelekileyo njengoko abagawuli bethengisa amaplanga kubaphakathi; Ngokukwanjalo, ezinye iinkampani zokugawula imithi ziye zazimisela kulo mmandla, zisebenzisa abasebenzi basekuhlaleni.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ngokusekwa kweenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, imigodi iye yenziwa ngoomatshini ngakumbi, kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokugrumba. Enye yeengxabano kulo mmandla kukuba ubunini bomhlaba abulawulwa ngokusemthethweni; Ngale ndlela, urhulumente ugcina abemi base-Afro-Colombia njengabahlali ngokungekho mthethweni kwimihlaba kawonke-wonke, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kube lula ukungaqeshwa koosomashishini.
Kummandla waseCauca, ukwanda kwemizi-mveliso yommoba kuye kwaphumela kwingcinezelo eqatha yokuba amafama afumane umhlaba ngokusemthethweni; njengoko abalimi abancinci besalima ikokoko, ikofu kunye nezinye izivuno zokuziphilisa ukuze bafumane imali eqhelekileyo. Olu thintelo lukhulayo lwabalimi lwabangela ukuba abantu bafudukele kwizixeko zaseCali, eMedellín naseBogotá; apho ama-Afro-Colombian asebenza njengabasebenzi basekhaya, abaqingqi bomatye kunye nabasebenzi abangekho sikweni.
Ngokubhekiselele kwingingqi yeCaribbean, ukwandiswa okukhulu kweefama zeenkomo ezikhoyo kwikoloni zisebenzisa ama-Afro-Colombian njengabalusi. Kummandla ongaselunxwemeni, ukuloba ngowona mthombo wokuphila kunye nengeniso yemali; ngokunjalo, ukhenketho ngomnye umsebenzi wokungenisa imali, onemisebenzi efana nabaqhubi beenqanawa okanye ukuthengisa ukutya. Ukongeza, ukulinywa kwebhanana kwenza indawo esisiseko enemveliso kulo mmandla.
Amasiko nezithethe
Kuluntu, kuluntu okanye kwinkcubeko, limele kakhulu into yokuba kukho amasiko nezithethe kuba ezi zinto ziye zibe yinxalenye yomfuziselo wokuzazi kwabantu ababumba eli qela, kulo mzekelo siza kucacisa kancinane amasiko nezithethe. ezingqonge uluntu.Inkcubeko yama-Afro-Colombian:
Umculo kunye nomdaniso
Isandi esithile sekhampasi zaseAfro-Colombia kukubethwa, amagubu abonisa isingqi kubasebenzi bokuloba, abacula iingoma kunye nokudanisa njengoko besenza imisebenzi yabo. Ukusuka kweli siko kuvela i-mapalé, isingqisho esaziwayo saseCaribbean esenziwe ngamakhoboka ngexesha lokuhlwa kwawo.
Kwimimandla yePasifiki, kumasebe aseChocó, eCauca naseNariño, i-currulao ithandwa kakhulu; esi singqisho esiphawulwa ngokusetyenziswa kweegubu ezahlukeneyo: iintambula, iicununos zamadoda nemazi, igubu lebass, imarimba, kunye neclarinet.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-champeta ivela kubemi base-Afro-Colombian baseCartagena de Indias ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX; igama elithi "champeta" livela kwigama elinikwe imela okanye imela; abakumgangatho ophezulu bawunike ngendlela ehlazisayo, ekubeni omabini la malungu anxulunyaniswa nobuhlwempu nolusu olumnyama.
Imibhiyozo
Phakathi kwemibhiyozo eyahlukeneyo yaseAfro-Colombia, mhlawumbi eyona idumileyo yiBarranquilla Carnival. Inemvelaphi ngexesha lobukoloniyali kwaye iyinxalenye yokubhiyozelwa kwenkcubeko yama-Afrika; iimpawu zayo zophawu ziimaski kunye nomdaniso kwisingqi se-conga, oku kubhiyozelwa kwiintsuku ezine phambi koLwesithathu lweAsh.
E-Colombia, i-21 kaMeyi yimini yase-Afro-Colombian, eyathiywa ngomhla ofanayo nokupheliswa kobukhoboka kunye nombhiyozo wayo ujolise ukuhlonipha iminikelo yenkcubeko engenakubalwa eyenziwa yi-Afro-inzala kwilizwe.
IGastronomy
Izitya ze-Afro-Colombian ngokwazo zineengqinisiso zokufana nezo zaseMbindi Afrika; Ukongeza, zenziwe ngezithako ezigcwele kumanxweme ePasifiki naseCaribbean. Ukutya kwe-Afro-Colombian kwenziwa ikakhulu yi-shellfish, irayisi, iimbotyi, iziqhamo kunye nemifuno.
Ukuqhubela phambili isithethe selizwekazi elidala, kwiitya kuyisiko ukudibanisa iiprotheyini ezinamabala amnandi kunye ne-spicy, zonke kwi-casserole; Umzekelo woku yirayisi ye-aphrodisiac equkethe irayisi, i-coconut, i-molluscs, i-prawns kunye ne-lobster. Ngokufanayo, iziqhamo zetropikhi zityiwa ngobuninzi; njengoko kunjalo nekakhukhunathi kunye nebhanana, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwi-cuisine yaseColombia, kunye ne-chontaduro, isiqhamo esisisiqhamo saseColombia nasePanama, esihlala sidliwa kwiijusi.
Iinkolelo
Inkcubeko yama-Afro-Kholombiya ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwa yintsebenziswano phakathi kweenkolelo zamaKatolika eziphuma kuvangeli kunye neenkolelo zemvelaphi yaseAfrika. Ukusukela ebukhobokeni, ama-Afro-Colombian abhiyozela amasiko abo ngosuku lokuphumla olunikezwe ziinkosi zabo, behlekisa kwaye bezimele.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, imibhiyozo yamaKatolika iye yathatyathelw’ indawo yimibhiyozo yabantu baseAfrika. Uninzi luye lwaba zizithethe, njengemibhiyozo eyandulela uLwesithathu lweAsh, ephawula ukuqala kweLente. Njengomzekelo, i-Barranquilla Carnival yi-fusion ye-secular kunye nengcwele, ebonakaliswe ngeengubo ezikhanyayo kunye neempahla ezinemibala. Ukungcwaliswa kweVirgen del Carmen eQuibdó kubhiyozelwa ngomhlaba, amanzi kunye nemingcelele.
Kwinkcubeko yama-Afro-Kholombiya, ihlabathi lenkolo lihlala libonakaliswa ebomini, ngokubonakalisa ukholo kunye nezenzo; La mazwi angqongqo anikelwa ngenxa yokuzinikela kwiingcwele, imithandazo, iintsomi, imifanekiso, imiqondiso nezithethe ezineemfundiso zokuziphatha.
Ezi zenzo ziquka ukusetyenziswa komlingo nokukhafula ukuhlasela iintshaba okanye ukuzisa amathamsanqa; ubugqwirha bukwasetyenziswa ngokuchasene nomona, ukoyisa uthando olungenakwenzeka okanye ukufumana unyuso lomvuzo.
Phezu kwako nje oku, isithethe siye sazamkela iimpawu ezisisiseko zobuKatolika, ezinjengokuthanda uThixo nommelwane; intsingiselo engcwele yobomi, isidima, umanyano kunye nombhiyozo zikwakho. Ulwalamano noThixo lubonakaliswa ngabalamli abafana neNtombi Enyulu, abangcwele okanye ongasekhoyo ababizelwe kwimibhiyozo yendalo engaphaya kwamandla endalo. Kuzo, izithako ezibalulekileyo ezinjengomculo, umdaniso kunye novuyo ziyadibana ukuze zizale ubudlelane noThixo. Konke oku kubumba ilifa lomoya elibonakalisa le nkcubeko.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku leNkcubeko yase-Afro-Colombian linomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: