Kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni phakathi kwe-Esmeralda e-Ecuador kunye neTumaco eKholombiya kwakuhlala abantu bomthonyama ababizwa ngokuba yiTumaco okanye iLa Tolita; le yayiyinkcubeko ebalaseleyo ekubonakalisweni kobugcisa, kwinto yobugcisa kunye nokukrola igolide. Ngeli nqaku, siyakumema ukuba uphonononge ngakumbi malunga ne Inkcubeko yeTumaco.
Inkcubeko yeTumaco
Inkcubeko yeTumaco-La Tolita yayisisizwe somthonyama esasikho ngexesha langaphambi kweColumbian, yaphuhliswa kwaye yavela kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni zaseLa Esmeralda e-Ecuador ukuya eTumaco eColombia. Imvelaphi yayo isukela kunyaka wama-600 a. C. kude kube malunga nonyaka wama-200 AD; Aba bantu bomthonyama bafikelela kwimbonakalo yabo yenkcubeko ephezulu, ngaphambi kokufika kwamaInca kulo mmandla.
Bazichaza njengoluntu olusekwe kwimibhiyozo yokuhlonelwa kunye nombono omangalisayo wobugcisa, into abanye abantu abakwindawo yaseMelika ababengenayo. Isakhono sobugcisa saba bantu bomthonyama sithathwa njengenye yezona zihamba phambili kwixesha lonke langaphambi kweColumbian.
Ukufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala eziye zafunyanwa kwezi ndawo zigubungela inani elikhulu leefom, kubandakanywa ukubonakaliswa kwegolide kunye neemaski ezineempawu ze-anthropomorphic. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ezifunyenweyo, kunokwenzeka ukufumanisa ukuba le nkcubeko yayinombutho wentlalo ojikelezayo malunga nobugcisa kunye nemikhosi yenkolo.
Uphononongo lwembali
Abavubukuli abaninzi baye bachaza ukuba inkcubeko yeTumaco yaphuhliswa phakathi kwe-700 BC kunye ne-500 AD Kuthiwa, iziqalo zayo zineengcambu kwinkcubeko ye-Olmec yaseMesoamerica, ekhuthazwa ukufana phakathi kwezi zinto zimbini zobugcisa.
Kwakhona, kuthiwa aba bantu bavela kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki beza ePeru, benxulumana nenkcubeko yakwaChavín, emva koko bafudukela e-Ecuador naseColombia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukho ubungqina bokunxibelelana phakathi kweTumaco kunye namanye amaqela omthonyama ase-Ecuadorian afana neJama-Coaque kunye neBahía.
Kwimbali, amaxesha ahlukeneyo ahlelwe kwinkcubeko yeTumaco, zombini kwingingqi yeTumaco kunye neLa Tolita, ngokwale nto sinayo:
Tumaco kwingingqi yaseColombia, kule ndawo izigaba ezintathu zamaxesha zafunyanwa apho le nkcubeko ikhona, ezi zazi:
- I-Inguapí phakathi kweminyaka engama-325 ukuya kwengama-50 ngaphambi kweXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo, inezigaba ezibini zokuhlala,
- IBalsal kunye neNerete ngonyaka wama-50 a. C.,
- El Morro ngonyaka ka 430 AD, ibekwe kwindawo kunye qualifier efanayo.
La Tolita kunxweme olusemantla e-Ecuador, kulo mmandla amanqanaba amathathu exesha nawo abonakaliswe apho le nkcubeko yahlala khona, ezi zazi:
- Ukuqulunqwa kade phakathi kweminyaka engama-600 ukuya kuma-400 a. c.
- Utshintsho phakathi kweminyaka engama-400 ukuya kwi-200 BC, utshintsho kwindlela yokuhlala luqala, ikhonkco lezolimo likhulu kwaye isenzo somkhosi siyanda.
- Ubukhazikhazi phakathi kweminyaka ye-200 BC ukuya ku-400 AD, lo mmandla uziseka njengesihlalo somsitho kunye nedolophu; Ngexesha lokugqibela kwesi sigaba, nangona ukwanda kwezinto ze-ceramic, ukuhla komgangatho wobugcisa bayo kuyahlukaniswa, de kube isikhungo silahlekelwa udumo.
Kamva bathelela ezinye izizwe, bazingisa de kwafika abantu baseSpeyin apho baphathwa ngamakhoboka awenza umsebenzi wemigodi.
Ubicación
Ingcaciso yale nkcubeko inokutshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomthombo wolwazi ekuye kwadityanwa nawo malunga naba bantu bomthonyama. Kukho uphando oluninzi lwezinto zakudala oluchaza le nkcubeko njengeLa Tolita, ngelixa abanye bayichaza njengenkcubeko yeTumaco. Zombini ezi ngcamango zichanekile; Ummandla omiyo olu luntu untsonkothe ngakumbi kunokuba ibinzana lantlandlolo libonisa.
Uluntu lweTumaco-La Tolita lwalungafani ngokupheleleyo. Aba bantu babunjwe liqela lamabandla amancinane aneempawu ezifanayo elinye kwelinye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zihlala kwiindawo zaseLa Tolita, eMonte Alto, eSelva Alegre, eTumaco naseMataje. Ukukhula kwabemi bezi zizwe kubangele le nkcubeko.
Ngamanye amazwi, indawo eyayikhe yahlala kule nkcubeko inkulu kakhulu kunokuba igama layo libonakala. Ekugqityweni kwayo, inkcubeko iphuhla ukusuka e-Esmeraldas (i-tributary e-Ecuador) ukuya eCalima eColombia. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu eziphathekayo, igama layo libhekisela kuluntu olubaluleke kakhulu kunye namaqela enkcubeko, ehlala eTumaco naseLa Tolita.
Umbutho wezentlalo nezopolitiko
Ngokwemigaqo yezopolitiko, inkcubeko kaTolita yasekwa kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nenqanaba lentlalontle elisekelwe ekusebenzeni komsebenzi okanye kwiintshukumo zeenjongo zopolitiko. Umyalelo wezopolitiko noqoqosho wawumelwe ke ngoko ngabalawuli kumaziko ahlukeneyo asezidolophini. Endaweni yoko, udidi oluphantsi lwenziwe ngabalimi bezolimo, kwaye udidi oluphezulu olunje ngabahombi beentsimbi neengcibi, olwahlulwe kwimisebenzi yenkxaso.
Aba rhulumente benkcubeko yeTumaco balawulwa ngabameli bobuthixo abangazange bavelise nantoni na, ngokuchaseneyo, inkxaso yabo yanikezelwa ngabasebenzi bezinga eliphantsi. Kwakhona, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezaziza kukhululwa ziinkokeli, yayikukuba ezi yayiza kuba zizo kuphela ezaziya kufumana amathambo amathambo ezindulini. Ngaphezu koko, balawula ubukho bemibhiyozo kunye nolawulo loqoqosho loluntu; aba basebenzisa icranial deformation njengomfuziselo woluhlu lwentlalo.
Kuluntu lwaseTumaco, i-shaman yadlala indima ebalulekileyo yokukhokela ngenxa yobulumko bayo benkolo. Egqunywe ngamandla okunxulumana nendalo yokomoya, wamela umlamli phakathi kwendalo yendalo iphela kunye noluntu.
Ngokutsho kolu phando, kutyholwa ukuba basebenzisa izigqubuthelo zobuso zeemazi kunye neempahla zolusu ukuze bazenze ijaguar. Omnye umntu owayenandipha imbeko nokuxatyiswa ngabantu yayilixhego, elizele bubulumko namava.
Ngokunjalo, iTumaco yayinendlela yokubonakalisa uluvo lwabo kunye nengqiqo engaqondakaliyo, eyabonakaliswa ngobugcisa babo.
Qoqosho
Ngokwenene, uqoqosho lwenkcubeko yeTumaco lwalusekelwe ekulinyweni kombona, ithanga, i-cassava, ikotoni kunye ne-coca. Ukulima emathafeni, bahlengahlengisa umphezulu womhlaba besebenzisa indlela entsonkothileyo yokunkcenkceshela; lo mhlaba mkhulu wawunemingxuma esusela kwiimitha ezi-4 ukuya kwezisi-9 ububanzi yaye i<em>waru isusela kwiimitha ezi-4 ukusa kwezingama-20 ububanzi nama-50 eesentimitha ukuphakama; ngokunjalo, baphatha izixhobo zokulima zezolimo zemisele kunye nokuhlwayela, njenge-trapezoidal okanye i-ax exande.
Kwindawo engqonge i-marshland enemithombo yobutyebi yaselwandle eninzi, ukuloba ngamagcisa yayingumsebenzi ongaphaya kwemida. Apho basebenzise izikhephe ezincinci, i-mesh enemithwalo yamatye kunye namagwegwe afakwe emgceni. Kwangokunjalo, uqoqosho lwagqibelela ngokuzingelwa kwezilwanyana zasehlathini ezifana nezi: iintaka, izirhubuluzi kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, basebenzise isinyithi ukwenza imihombiso, izinto ezifana negolide kunye neplatinam abayithatha kwintlabathi yemilambo.
Ukuhlala kwawo kwincam yemisinga yeentaba kwabangela ulungelelwaniso lwezoqoqosho nezizwe ezihlala ezintabeni. Bakwagcine amakhonkco anemveliso kunye nezixeko eziselunxwemeni loLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, ngothungelwano lotshintshiselwano.
Inkolo
Ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi zaseMzantsi Melika ngelo xesha, le nkcubeko yayibonisa inkolo yoothixo abaninzi. Ngokukwanjalo, babekholelwa kwi-animism nakwimiphefumlo eyayiyinxalenye yenkcubeko yabo engaqondakaliyo.
AmaShaman adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkolelo zolu luntu. Oku kwakhokelela kuthotho lwezithethe ezifakwe phantse ngokupheleleyo zizilwanyana kunye nezidalwa ezisuka kwindawo yendalo. Kwelinye icala, kwakuqhelekile ukusetyenziswa kwe<em>jaguar, irhamba, ukhozi, inkawu okanye ingwenya njengezilwanyana ekunquleni kuzo, ekubeni kwakukholelwa ukuba zazifanisa izithixo ezisemhlabeni. Ijaguar yayisesona sithixo sibalulekileyo esinxulunyaniswa namahlathi ashinyeneyo, ukongeza kumandla, ukuchuma kunye nobudoda; kwaye endaweni yoko, inyoka yayinxulumene nokuhlaziywa kobomi okanye ukuguqulwa.
Ukongeza, ii-shamans zikwasebenza njengababingeleli kwinkcubeko yenkolo yalo mbutho. Esi senzo sobubingeleli ngandlel’ ithile sasibanzi yaye kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezikhulu ukuze zibe ngamaziko ezithethe, awayelawulwa ziishaman zasekuhlaleni.
Ngethuba lezithethe, kwakuxhaphake kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-hallucinogenic compound, kunye nama-mushroom afunyenwe kwindawo enye ehlala kulo luntu.
Eli hlabathi lokomoya elinzima lalimelwe yi-ceramic okanye imifanekiso yesinyithi, umphumo wobudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Eli binzana lonqulo lalikwabonakala kungcelele lweencwadi zakudala ezazimiselwe unqulo nesikhundla sababingeleli. Ngokubhekiselele kwimisitho yomngcwabo, bangcwaba abo bafileyo belele ngecala, kunye neempahla, isinxibo kunye nempahla yokungcwaba.
amaziko emisitho
Ezinye zeendawo eziphambili zenkcubeko yeTumaco ziquka ezi zilandelayo, eziya kuchazwa ngezantsi:
ITolita
Ukuxatyiswa njengesihlalo esikhulu somkhosi wenkcubeko yeTumaco, kungenxa yesi sizathu sokuba iLa Tolita Key yayiyiziko lezorhwebo. Imithombo yezimbiwa ezifana ne-obsidian, i-quartz, i-jade kunye ne-emerald yafunyanwa apho, eyayinexabiso eliphezulu lemifuziselo yokusetyenziswa kwazo kwizithethe.
Ifumaneka kumlomo weSantiago, kwidolophu yase-Ecuadorian yase-Esmeraldas, ichongiwe ziimogotes zayo ezininzi. Ngokukodwa, esi sitshixo siye saguqulwa saba ngumkhandi omkhulu wegolide, i-ceramic kunye nefektri yensimbi, apho imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ebonisa abantu basentsomini kunye nezithixo zenziwa. Ngoko ke, inani elikhulu lemisebenzi egcinwe kule nkcubeko inokufumaneka kwiMyuziyam yeBhanki yeBhanki eQuito.
Enye yezona mogote zaziphawuleka kumbindi wesiqithi, owawusebenza njengendawo yokungcwaba. Iintsalela zezidumbu zabantu kunye nezilwanyana zifunyenwe apho, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wethambo yenye imbonakalo yesiza. Ngokufanayo, iLa Tolita inezinye iziqithi ezinjengeTolita del Pailón, iTolita de los Ruanos, iTolita de los Castillos.
Tumaco
Ibekwe malunga neekhilomitha ezilikhulu ukusuka kwisiqithi saseLa Tolita, ukusuka apho kukho indlela yokungena efikelelekayo kunye nekhululekile. Kule mihlaba echazwe ngamanxweme kunye namathafa emilambo, isigaba senkcubeko yeTumaco senzeka kwiidolophu ezincinci. Inkqubela esele yenziwe kwiindawo ezine ezibalulekileyo zokuhlala: Inguapí, Balsal, Nerete kunye ne-El Morro.
Ngexesha lika-2011, iqela lee-anthropologists likwazile ukubuyisela iingceba ze-3228 zomdongwe kunye ne-54 compendia yamatye kule ndawo. Phakathi kwezo zibalaseleyo izixhobo zokucola ukutya okuziinkozo, ukukhuhla iityhubhu, ukusika, ukukhuhla kunye nokubetha ezinye izinto, kunye nezikhongozeli.
Imisebenzi yezandla kunye neGolide
Imisebenzi yezandla yayiyenye yezona zinto zidume kakhulu kwinkcubeko yeTumaco; Eneneni, ubugcisa kuzo zonke izinto ezibonisayo bubo obukwahlukanisa lo mbutho kwezinye izizwe ezikuloo mmandla. Iindlela zabo zokufundisa zazihamba phambili ngandlel' ithile kunexesha labo kwaye iingoma abazivelisayo zazinentsingiselo enzulu kwezentlalo.
IGoldsmithing yayikwasiso isakhono esibalasele kakhulu kubemi bale nkcubeko; Ngokukodwa basebenzise igolide, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekufumaneni inani elikhulu lamanani axabisekileyo kwiindawo zakudala zale mimandla yaseColombia nase-Ecuador.
Ngokunjalo, ngokusebenza kwegolide kunye nemisebenzi yezandla, inkcubeko yeTumaco ibonakalise ubuninzi bayo benkcubeko, apho iphinde yavelisa umahluko obalulekileyo wentlalo kunye nenkolo emele inkcubeko yayo. Kwakhona benza imifanekiso eqingqiweyo enentsingiselo yokwenyama, bebhekisela kwizithethe ezininzi zokuchuma ezazisenziwa le mpucuko ngamaxesha athile.
Iiceramics
Iimveliso ze-ceramic zalo mboniso wenkcubeko ezihambelana noluntu lwazo; Kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, amanani adlala indima engaqondakaliyo afakwe, kunye nokwenziwa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ye-physiognomically elingana nabemi besizwe, nayo yayiqhelekileyo.
Iingqayi zale mpucuko zenziwe kakuhle kakhulu, eziye zayinceda ngokufanelekileyo ukujamelana nokuhamba kweminyaka. Oku, kwakhona, kusetyenziswe ukuveliswa kwezinto ezininzi, kubandakanywa nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngabantu basekuhlaleni kwimpilo yabo yemihla ngemihla; Ngokunjalo, izixhobo zekeramic zazisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwezakhiwo, kwiindawo zezithethe zonqulo kunye nezithethe.
Ebiza kakhulu
Ukongamela kwezigqubuthelo zobuso kulele kwindlela yazo echaziweyo neyodwa yokuphatha igolide nesilivere, nto leyo ebonisa iwonga lazo eliphezulu ekuhlaleni, kwakunye nempembelelo yobomi babo bonqulo nengokwesithethe. Iimpawu zazihlala zenziwe ngegolide kunye ne-tumbaga; kwaye imilinganiselo yezi yayimalunga neesentimitha eziyi-17.5 ubude ne-13.6 yeesentimitha ububanzi.
Uninzi lwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, eyona nto ixhaphakileyo yayinomfanekiso wentloko yomntu, enemiphelelisi engqukuva kwaye inxalenye ephezulu yahlulwe ngokuthe tye. Maxa wambi amehlo akhe nomlomo wayevuleka; lawa yayingamanani alula, kodwa asebenza ngononophelo kwaye eneenkcukacha ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kwiziqwenga.
Ikhuthazwa kukubiwa kwabazingeli bobuncwane kunye norhwebo olufihlakeleyo lwezinto zakudala eziye zaphuhliswa kwiinkulungwane zakutshanje, kwitotali ye-40 tolas (i-pampas yegolide), eyaziwayo kwisiqithi saseLa Tolita, kuphela i-16 eseleyo.
I-Tumacos yayingababumbi abaziingcali kwaye baxatyiswa njengenye yezona nkcubeko zibalaseleyo zomdongwe kulo lonke elaseMelika. Kwi-ceramics ye-Tumaco, sinokubona ngeso lengqondo iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zemihla ngemihla kunye nenkolo, njengomxholo womama, abafazi, i-eroticism, ukugula kunye nokuguga.
Ukuba ufumene eli nqaku leNkcubeko yeTumaco enomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: