Le mpucuko yakha izakhiwo ezininzi ezikhulu. Waseka amaziko karhulumente kwiindawo ngeendawo. Ukwaphuhlise nenkqubo yeeterras ukwandisa imveliso yezolimo. I inkcubeko Huari wabeka iziseko apho ubukhosi be-Inca bakhiwa khona.
Inkcubeko yaseHuari
Inkcubeko yeHuari okanye iWari yaphuhliswa ngexesha langaphambi kwe-Inca ye-Middle Horizon. Ibonakala ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX AD kwingingqi ye-Ayacucho, ekwiintaba zeAndes kumazantsi ePeru yanamhlanje. Ikomkhulu legama layo likufuphi nesixeko sanamhlanje sase-Ayacucho, ePeru. Ukwandiswa kwale nkcubeko kuqala ukuya ngaselunxwemeni, ukuya kwiziko lenkolo elibaluleke kakhulu lePachacamac, ekubonakala ngathi igcine ukuzimela okuqinileyo.
Kamva, iHuari yasasazeka emantla kumazwe enkcubeko yamandulo yaseMoche, apho impucuko yaseChimú yayiza kukhula kamva. Ekuphakameni kwayo, inkcubeko yeHuari yasasazeka kulo lonke unxweme kunye neendawo eziphakamileyo zombindi wePeru. Iisampulu ezigcinwe kakuhle zenkcubeko yaseHuari zihlala kufutshane nedolophu yaseQuinua. Edume ngokulinganayo ngamabhodlo angamaHuari ePiquillacta (“isixeko seentakumba”), umgama omfutshane kumzantsi-mpuma weCuzco ngaseLake Titicaca, eyandulela ulawulo lwamaInca.
Historia
Ngexesha le-Middle Horizon, malunga ne-XNUMX AD, iinkcubeko ezimbini zavela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ze-Andean kunye nommandla wonxweme wePasifiki, zithobisa ubukhosi obukhoyo: inkcubeko yaseHuari kunye nenkcubeko yaseTiahuanaco. Inkcubeko ye-Huari ejoliswe emkhosini yakhula kwinkcubeko yeRecuay kwaye yoyisa iNazca, Mochica, Huarpa, kunye namanye amaziko amancinci enkcubeko. Igama lenkcubeko livela kwigama lendawo, i-Huari, iziko lezopolitiko kunye nedolophu yobukumkani, malunga neekhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu kumntla-mpuma wesixeko sanamhlanje sase-Ayacucho kumazantsi ePeru.
AmaHuari, ubuncinane kangangesiqingatha senkulungwane yaye mhlawumbi nangaphezulu, ayephila ngexesha lempucuko yaseTiahuanaco eyakhula kwithafa laseBolivia, kunxweme lweLake Titicaca. Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana ukufana okuninzi phakathi kweenkcubeko ezimbini ngakumbi kwezobugcisa. Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuba ezi mpucuko zimbini zingquzulana kwimigodi ebekwe kwimida yemimandla yazo yempembelelo. Kubonakala ngathi i-Huaris yenziwe buthathaka ngolu khuphiswano.
AmaHuari ayengabakhi abakhulu: aseka izixeko kumaphondo aliqela, aphuhlisa inkqubo yokulima iterrace ukuze andise imveliso yezolimo kwimimandla esezintabeni, yaye enza iindlela ezininzi ezaziya kuthi kamva amaInca azidibanise kwinkqubo yawo yonxibelelwano. Ama-Inca, avela kwiinkulungwane ezintathu emva kokunyamalala kwamaHuari, ahlala ebonwa njengeendlalifa kule mpucuko kunye neyeTiahuanacos.
Inkcubeko yaseHuari Tiahuanaco
E-Ayacucho, inkcubeko ye-Huarpa yayinesihlalo sayo, esigcina unxibelelwano olukhulu lwezorhwebo kunye nempucuko yaseNazca. Ngaloo ndlela ukuphumeza ukuqhubela phambili okubalulekileyo ekwenzeni imisebenzi yezandla kwindawo. Ubukho benkcubeko ye-Tiahuanaco e-Ayacucho bungqinwa ngumfanekiso wesithixo esikrolwe kwi "Puerta del Sol".
Lo mfanekiso, njengeengelosi ezihamba nawo, utsalwa kwii-urns ezinkulu ezivela e-Ayacucho, esazi njengesitayela se-conchopata, kuba le ndlela ivela kule ndawo. IConchopata yayingesiso isixeko esikhulu, kodwa endaweni yoko yanda kwindawo enkulu, ngaphandle kokudibanisa abantu.
Kulo mxholo, inkcubeko yamaHuari yaphuhliswa kwinkcubeko ye-Huarpa, phakathi kwe-560 kunye ne-600. Ukuphuhliswa kweekeramics zemikhosi ezifumene igama likaRobles Moqo zabonwa, zisasazeka kwindawo enkulu, kuquka imimandla yase-Ayacucho, Ica, Nazca, ISanta Valley nangaphaya kwentaba ukuya kwiCallejón de Huaylas.
Olu lwandiso lokuqala lubonisa isigaba sokuqala sempembelelo yenkcubeko yaseTiahuanaco-Huari. Kule mpucuko, i-polychrome ceramics enobugcisa, iingubo ze-polychrome, i-sculpture encinci ye-turquoise, ubucwebe kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa kunye nezobugcisa zenziwa.
IConchopata ikumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-25 kumntla-mpuma we-Ayacucho. Esi sixeko yayilikomkhulu lempucuko entsonkothileyo indawo yayo yempembelelo yasuka eCajamarca naseLambayeque (emantla) ukuya eMoquegua naseCuzco (emazantsi). I-Conchopata yagubungela phantse iihektare ezili-120 kwindawo yoxinano olukhulu, apho kwakuhlala amawakawaka eentsapho. Esi sixeko sakhiwe ngamatye, sijikelezwe ngeendonga eziphakamileyo ezenziwe ngamatye nethafa, kwakunye namathafa namaqonga.
Kwisixeko saseHuari, izakhiwo ezinkulu zingabonwa, kubandakanywa iitempile, ii-mausoleums kunye nezindlu zeklasi ezilawulayo. Kwindawo yaseCheqo Wasi, kukho iziqwenga zamatye ezibekwe ngononophelo: la ngamagumbi okungcwaba angaphantsi komhlaba, mhlawumbi asetyenziswa zizihandiba.
Kumgangatho ophantsi wezakhiwo, ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kwakubonelelwa ngothungelwano lwemisele. Ngokwenene, amanzi ayeyinto ecwangcisiweyo: umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokukhupha umjelo kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamanzi kwenziwa. Amathafa ezolimo awandise kakhulu umhlaba olimekayo. Ezakhelwe kumathambeka eenduli, ikakhulu zibekwe kufutshane nezakhiwo zasedolophini ezinkulu nezizisekondari, ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zabemi.
Impembelelo yeTiwanaku
Inkcubeko ye-Tiahuanaco yaphuhliswa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo phakathi kwe-550 kunye ne-900: impembelelo yayo kwi-Huari iphawuleka kwinqanaba lenkolo kunye nemikhosi yomngcwabo. Kwezinye ii-ceramics ukubonakaliswa kwezithixo ezine-anthropomorphic kunye ne-zoomorphic features kubonakala, kufana nezo zeViracocha zenkcubeko yaseTiahuanaco. Obu thixo bufumaneka kwiinkcubeko zamva. Imelwe kwiPuerta del Sol ekwi-complex yaseKalasasaya (eBolivia).
Ukwandiswa kwenkcubeko yaseHuari
Ukusasazeka kwenkcubeko yamaWari kwanxulunyaniswa notshintsho olukhulu kwezopolitiko, intlalontle kunye nobomi benkolo yabantu baseAndean. Olu tshintsho lubonakaliswe kuyilo olutsha, izakhiwo zokuhlala ezidolophini, iziseko zophuhliso ezandisiweyo, kunye nenkcubeko elungelelanisiweyo yomkhosi. Inkolo yenkolo ejikeleze uthixo omtsha uViracocha ngokukhawuleza yagqithisa zonke iicawa zeenkulungwane zangaphambili, isizathu sokufana kwayo nentonga yobukhosi yaseTiahuanaco ayikwazanga ukucaciswa ngokuchanekileyo.
Iimpawu zeempawu ezifunyenwe kwezi nkcubeko zimbini kwizinto ezilukiweyo, kwimisebenzi yezandla kunye nakwi-ceramics esandul 'ukufunyanwa zizinto ze-polychrome ezinemihlobiso eyinkimbinkimbi, phakathi kwazo ukusetyenziswa okumangalisayo rhoqo kwezilwanyana zasentsomini kunye ne-condors kunye ne-jaguars zivelele ngaphezu kwazo zonke.
Kumaxesha amathathu ahlukeneyo eHuari, eyesibini (ukususela kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ukuya kweye-XNUMX) yeyona apogee. Ichazwa ngesitayela se-ceramic esibizwa ngokuba yiHuari, eneenguqu zengingqi: Viñaque, Atarco, Pachacamac, Qosqo kunye nabanye. Lo ngumzuzu wokwandiswa okukhulu kwale mpucuko, eyafikelela eLambayeque naseCajamarca (emantla), naseMoquegua naseCuzco (emazantsi) ngelixa iTiahuanaco yandiswa ukusuka eCuzco ukuya eChile nakwimpuma yeBolivia.
Inkcubeko yaseHuari yazisa umbono omtsha wobomi basezidolophini, idala imodeli yeziko elikhulu ledolophu elijikelezwe ziindonga. Ezona zixeko zaziwayo zaseHuari (kuba zezona zembiwa kakhulu) yiPiquillacta (kufuphi neCuzco) kunye neHuiracochapampa (kufuphi neHuamachuco, kwingingqi yaseLa Libertad). Ezi zixeko zaphuhliswa ngaphakathi kwemida yempembelelo yeHuari.
Isixeko saseHuari ikakhulu sisekwe kuqoqosho lwaso kutshintshiselwano nezinye izixeko ezabelana ngenkcubeko efanayo. Kodwa ngexesha lesithathu, olu tshintshiselwano lwehla, lwakhokelela ekuwohlokeni kwezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho lwe-Huaris kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ukulahlwa kwesixeko kunye nokulahleka kolawulo kwindawo yabo yangaphambili yempembelelo.
Emva kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinanye, abantu bento ebizwa ngokuba yimbali yaseYurophu "ubukumkani baseHuari" baqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ngokwabo. I-Ayacucho iyancipha ngokushiya imodeli yobomi basezidolophini ukubuyela kwisakhiwo sabemi belali yasemaphandleni, efana nezigaba zamandulo ze-Huarpas.
Ekuphakameni kwayo kwi-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane, indawo yempembelelo yenkcubeko yaseHuari yanda ngaphezu kweekhilomitha eziliwaka elinamakhulu amahlanu ukusuka eSihuas (Arequipa) naseSicuani (Cuzco) emazantsi obukumkani ukuya ePiura naseMarañón. Intlambo emantla kwaye igubungela indawo emalunga namakhulu amathathu amawaka eekhilomitha ezikwere.
Ngelo xesha, ukuya kwikhulu lamawaka abantu babehlala kwikomkhulu kwindawo yeekhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini. Ubungqina bokwakhiwa kwedolophu enomtsalane bunokufumaneka nakwiidolophu ezinjengeOtuzco (Cajamarca), iTomeval, iPiquillacta kunye neViracocha pampa, ezakhiwe kwimodeli yekomkhulu. Izibonelelo zolawulo lwe-Huari zisebenze njengomzekelo we-Inca Culture kamva.
Uyilo loyilo kunye nesiseko
Kwinkcubeko yaseHuari, ngokokuqala ngqa eMzantsi Melika, izixeko eziye zayilwa zijikelezwe ngeendonga ezikhuselayo kwaye zasasazwa ngendlela ye-chessboard kwaye zahamba ngaphaya kwamaziko enkolo. Ikomkhulu laseHuari lalixhobe ngokupheleleyo ngeetempile, amabhotwe nezithili, yaye isixeko sasinenkqubo entsonkothileyo yemisele nemijelo yamanzi.
Izakhiwo ezifana netempile yaseHuari Huillcahuayín kufuphi neHuaraz yayichukumisa malunga nokwakhiwa. Itempile yaseHuillcahuayín ithweswe isithsaba ngophahla olugayiweyo olwenziwa ngamacwecwe amakhulu amatye agudileyo, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweemegaliths ezinzima ezitshintshisanayo kunye neefomathi ezincinci zesileyiti.
Ngenxa yolu lwakhiwo olunwebekayo, itempile yafumana iintanda ezimbini kuphela kwinyikima enkulu ka-1970. Ngexesha labo, iHuari yaseka uthungelwano lweendlela zaseAndean ezazichaneke njengothungelwano lwendlela ye-Inca kamva, Qhapaq Ñan, kwaye yandiswa ukusuka eAyacucho. ukuya kutsho kwiChibi iTiticaca emazantsi nasePiura emantla.
Isixeko sase wari
Isixeko saseHuari yayilikomkhulu elibizwa ngokuba likomkhulu. Kanye kunye neTiahuanaco, esi sixeko sasiyiziko lobukhosi bokuqala baseAndes, ngaphambi kokufika kwama-Inca. Ngenxa yendlela yokusebenza yokwabela amagunya kule ndawo yempembelelo, igama elithi "impembelelo" liya kuba lifanelekile ngakumbi kunelo lobukhosi, elibonisa ulawulo olusembindini oluphezulu olufana nolo lwe-Incas, kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni kwendawo.
Umbindi wedolophu waseWari wayenommandla omalunga neehektare ezingamawaka amabini. Ekuphakameni kwale mpucuko, kucingelwa ukuba ezinye izakhiwo zinemigangatho emithandathu. Uninzi lwezakhiwo lwalugqunywe ngodaka olumhlophe, kunye ne-polychrome yokuhombisa i-motifs.
Isixeko sibenako ukugqitha amashumi amahlanu amawaka abahlali kumphakamo waso, phambi kokuba sehle kakhulu malunga nonyaka ka-1000. Izizathu kunye nenkqubo yokuhla ayaziwa okwangoku. Uninzi lwezakhiwo zeWari zisaza kugrunjwa.
Abaphandi bahlulahlule indawo esembindini yesixeko (eya ngaphaya kweekhilomitha ezilishumi elinesibhozo) ibe ngamacandelo alishumi elinambini. Zonke ezi zakhiwo zikwiikhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu kumntla we-Ayacucho kunye nohambo lweeyure ezisibhozo ukusuka eLima.
- Monqachayoc Kukho iigalari ezingaphantsi komhlaba ezinophahla ezenziwe ngamatye amakhulu kwisiqwenga esinye. Iindonga zigqunywe ngamatye asicaba amile okwexesha elide. Kwakhona, kukho imibhobho yamatye ngokuqinisekileyo eyayisetyenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi esixekweni.
- ICapillapata Eli candelo lenziwe ngeendonga ezinkulu eziphindwe kabini ezinomlinganiselo phakathi kweemitha ezisibhozo kunye neshumi elinambini ukuphakama. Kwiimitha ezingama-400 ubude, udonga luya kuncipha njengoko lufumana ukuphakama. Enyanisweni, isiseko siziimitha ezintathu ubukhulu, ngelixa imilinganiselo ephezulu iphakathi kwe-0.80 kunye ne-1.20 yeemitha.
- I-Yoc Turquoise Eli candelo lithatha igama lalo kubukho beentsalela ze-turquoise ukusuka kwimigexo yeeperile okanye imifanekiso eqingqiweyo encinci. Ukugxininiswa kwesi sixhobo kukuba kukholeleka ukuba iindibano zocweyo ezinikezelwe kwimodeli yayo zibekwe kweli candelo.
- I-Casa de Blas Kuyo yonke le ndawo, zininzi iintsalela zezixhobo zamatye, ezinje ngeprojectile points, ii-awls kunye nelitye eliqingqiweyo. Izinto ezisetyenziswayo ekrwada yayiyi-obsidian, iflint kunye nethambo elisuka kwi-guinea pig bowl.
- Canterón Kucingelwa ukuba inkwali ibekwe kweli candelo.
- Ushpa Qoto Yingqokelela yezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ezibekwe kufutshane neplaza. Iindonga ezintathu ezinkulu zazakhiwe ngaxeshanye. Izakhiwo zikwimo yesangqa kunye neepaseji ezingaphantsi komhlaba.
- URobles Moqo Kweli candelo kukho iinqanawa ze-ceramic kunye nemisebenzi eyaphukileyo ye-lithic. Uhlobo lwe-Huari ceramic style lubizwa ngokuba yiRobles Moqo, njengoko yafunyanwa kwiingceba ezifunyenwe kule ndawo ngumkhokeli wasekhaya ogama linguRobles.
- I-Campanayoc Ezi zivaliwe ngendlela yesangqa kunye ne-trapezoids, okwangoku zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Noko ke, sinokuyixabisa iziseko zayo.
- I-Tranka House Iipetroglyphs ezilishumi elinesithandathu ziqingqwe ematyeni. Imiqolomba yayisenziwa kwindawo ethe tyaba emva koko yakhazimliswa kancinci. Le yimigca egxininisiweyo, imiqulu, iinyoka, izangqa kunye namanye amanani ejometri.
- Iimodeli ze-Ushpa zokumelwa kwabantu zifunyenwe kule ndawo. Ke, kucingelwa ukuba yayisetyenziswa njengendawo ethile yeenkonzo, iindibano zocweyo kunye neevenkile.
- UGálvez Chayo Lo mngxuma, uneemitha ezilishumi elinanye ububanzi kunye neemitha ezilishumi ubunzulu, wembiwa ngabom. Ngaphakathi, itonela eligrunjwe ngenyameko lijonge emantla lize elesibini lijonge emazantsi.
- Iindonga zeChurucana zilingana nezo zifunyenwe kwiCapillapata zenza izithuba ngendlela yetrapezoids kunye neengxande.
Ithambeka
Ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho kuBukhosi baseHuari kwaqala ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Abemi bancipha, ikomkhulu laseHuari kunye nezinye iidolophu ezisezintabeni zashiywa ngokuthe ngcembe. Kamva, abantu nabo bazishiya izixeko ezingaselunxwemeni baza babalekela kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni.
Kukholelwa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu olunxulumene ne-El Niño lunokuba lubangele ukunyamalala kwale nkcubeko, kodwa ulwazi oluchane ngakumbi alukabikho. Ngokuwa kwenkcubeko yaseHuari, amandla ayo okudibanisa nawo alahlekile; Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, ummandla waseAndean waphinda wabunjwa bubukhosi bengingqi obuzimeleyo kunye neenkcubeko zengingqi.
Izinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo
Kwi-2008, amanye amangcwaba e-Huari kunye nama-mummies afunyenwe kwi-Huaca Pucllana e-Lima, ebonisa ukuba i-Wari nayo yayigcwele kweli cala. Ngo-2013, iqela labembi bezinto zakudala, elikhokelwa nguMilosz Giersz weYunivesithi yaseWarsaw, libhengeze ukufunyanwa kwengcwaba lasebukhosini elikwindawo yaseHuarmey Castle equlathe iintsalela zabantu abangamashumi amathandathu anesithathu, kubandakanywa neekumkanikazi ezintathu zaseHuari. Kuyo yonke indawo, abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumanisa izinto zobugcisa ezingaphezu kwewaka, kuquka izacholo zegolide nezesilivere, amazembe obhedu nezixhobo zegolide.
Nanga amanye amakhonkco omdla: