EPucará kwakukho inkcubeko yama-Inca eyayinegama elifanayo, ilawula inxalenye enkulu yalo mmandla, idume ngobunjineli bayo, ulwazi lobunjineli behydraulic kunye netalente yabo njengababumbi. Fumana kunye nathi imimangaliso ye Inkcubeko yePucara, i-archaeological complex, itempile yaseKalasaya kunye nokunye!
Inkcubeko yePucara
I-Pucará okanye iPukará, yinkcubeko yangaphambi kweColumbian kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezisemazantsi, kumantla eLake Titicaca, isebe lasePuno, ePeru. Iziko layo eliphambili lalisaziwa ngokuba yiPukará, namhlanje eliziko elikhulu lenzululwazi yezinto zakudala.
Iyaziwa ngetempile yayo engaqhelekanga efana nehashe okanye itempile yamatye, imizobo yamatye kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngodongwe, iPucará yinkcubeko yangaphambi kwe-Inca kwaye ithathwa njengezandulela zeendlela zakudala zeTiwanaku. I-Pucará idla ngokubhalwa phakathi kwe-300 a. C. kunye nama-300 d. C., kwiXesha lokuQala eliPhakathi.
Le nkcubeko yayinempembelelo enkulu kwindawo esemantla yeLake Titicaca, ibandakanya uluntu lwangaphambili ukusuka kwixesha. Fluke ababephakathi kwabantu bokuqala bempucuko kwimimandla yaseBolivia. Inkcubeko yasePucará yayilawula yonke ingingqi yechibi malunga ne-200 BC. c.
Ngokuqhelekileyo bazinikele kwezolimo, ekwaluseni nasekulobeni, beqokelelana kwiidolophu ezincinci nakwiilali, ezazilawulwa kwiziko labo eliphambili.
Okwangoku iPucará idume ngobudongwe bayo, ngakumbi into ebizwa ngokuba yi "Toritos" yodongwe, ilungele ukuchuma kunye namalaphu anokubonakala kwaye athengwe kwindawo yeentlambo zombindi weAndes kunye nonxweme lwePasifiki.
Inkolo
Ubomi bebutho lamaPucará babusekelwe kunqulo lwawo, olwalunemvelaphi elomeleleyo. Iinkolelo zabo zokukholelwa kwizinto ezininzi zazinxulunyaniswa, njengakwezinye iinkcubeko zemveli, kunye nezinto zendalo, ukunqula izithixo ezahlukeneyo ezazimele imvula, iindudumo kunye nemibane, umlilo, amanzi, ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana, phakathi kwezinye.
Uthixo oyintloko yayiyiLanga, egameni lakhe izithethe kunye nemibhiyozo yahlelwa, iindawo ezingcwele zakhiwa kwaye kwenziwa imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye neziqwenga zeceramic.
umbutho wezopolitiko nezentlalo
Le nkcubeko yayilungelelaniswe kwiinkolelo zayo zonqulo, oko kukuthi, ubomi bezopolitiko kunye nentlalontle busekelwe kulawulo lobuthixo, ukuba ngabefundisi, iinkokeli kunye neenkokheli zoluntu. Lo mzobo wawujongwa njengonxibelelwano phakathi kobuthixo kunye nehlabathi lasemhlabeni, oko kukuthi, babephethe ukulamla phakathi koothixo nabantu.
Ngokuphathelele ukulungelelaniswa koluntu lwabo kunye neendawo zokuhlala, yayiyi-hierarchical ngokungqongqo kwaye yayinxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nemeko yezoqoqosho, yahlulwe yangamanqanaba amathathu:
- Inqanaba lokuqala
Ibekwe phezulu kwaye inxulumene neenkokeli kunye nabalawuli, iziko ledolophu elinomtsalane apho imisitho, amasiko kunye nezigqibo zenziwa khona, yayiyindawo apho zonke izixhobo kunye nemveliso zilawulwa.
- Inqanaba lesibini
Eyaziwa ngokuba ngamaziko esibini, ayenolwakhiwo oluncinci kunenqanaba lokuqala, kodwa lacokiswa kwaye lacaciswa, kucingelwa ukuba banemisebenzi yolawulo kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemveliso.
Kucingelwa ukuba la maziko eesekondari alawulwa yi-elite okanye iklasi yentlalontle ehleliweyo, enegunya elithile elibavumela ukuba baqondise ukucaciswa kwayo yonke into enxulumene namaziko emikhosi kunye nezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo kwizithethe kunye neenkokheli zababingeleli. Ukongezelela ekufezekisweni kwee-monoliths ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-stelae.
Kananjalo ukuhoywa kwabaphantsi, ababengabalimi abaphambili kwezolimo nakwabelusi, ekufuneka belawulwe kwaye babekwe iliso, kodwa kulo msebenzi unzima kunokwenzeka ukuba babenabo abantu kwinkonzo yabo, ngoko ke babeludidi olunamandla ngqo, ukongeza kumandla okuthenga ngokucacileyo.
- Inqanaba lesithathu
Ulwakhiwo oluthe saa, olungenabugocigoci kunye nolunembonakalo entle lunokubonwa kweli nqanaba, lujongwa njengokuhlaliswa kwabantu abaqhelekileyo kunye nabasebenzi,
Iindawo zokuhlala ezazingekho ngaphezu kweelali ezincinci kufuphi nemithombo yamanzi kunye neendawo apho ukufumana imathiriyeli ekrwada yayiyeyona nto iphambili, zaziphawulwa ngokuba ziindawo ezincinci okanye iidolophu ezithe saa, apho kuveliswa ukutya kunye nemathiriyeli ekrwada yeemveliso ezifunyenweyo. Uluntu lwePucara lufuna.
Uqoqosho lwenkcubeko yasePucará
Kucingelwa ukuba inkcubeko yasePucará yayiyeyokuqala ukuzinza kunye nokulawula ummandla we-Andean, kwaye kwafuneka iqhelane nemeko enzima, kuba amabhodlo eendawo zokuhlala aphakathi kwe-3000 kunye ne-3500 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ke ngoko, imisebenzi yabo yezoqoqosho ngokuqinisekileyo iyisampulu yokuguquguquka kunye nobuchule bolu luntu, masifunde ngakumbi malunga nabo:
ZoLimo
Indawo yokuhlala yenza ukutyala kube nzima kakhulu, nangona kunjalo i-pucarás iphunyezwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nezintsha eziye zavumela ukuba ziphuhlise ezolimo kunye nokugcina imveliso eqhubekayo, okwenza lo msebenzi ube sisiseko soqoqosho lwabo.
Kucingelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweenduli yayibubuchule obahlukileyo benkcubeko yasePucará, eyabangela ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukutyala amathafa akhukula kummandla weChibi iTiticaca. Iingqungquthela ziquka ukumba imisele okanye imigudu edibanisa omnye nomnye kunye nomhlaba okhutshiweyo, yenza iindawo ezincinci eziphakamileyo ezivumela ukuhlwayela.
Amanzi aqokelelana kwimijelo akhuphuka nge-capillarity kula manyuko kunye neengcambu, ekuzameni ukuzifumana, zikhulela phantsi. Bubuchule obugqwesileyo xa umhlaba udla ngokugutyungelwa ngamanzi kwaye uvumela izityalo ukuba zityalwe kufutshane kakhulu enye kwenye.
Iimveliso abazityala rhoqo kwaye zininzi, ezimiselwe ukondla uluntu lwabo, zezi: iitapile, i-cañihua okanye i-kañiwa, i-olluco kunye nequinoa.
Indlela eyaziwa ngokuba yiQocha nayo yaphuhliswa, ebandakanya ukugrumba imingxuma enzulu kumphezulu womhlaba, ngokuqhelekileyo isetyhula, nangona kunjalo yayingeyosiqhelo. Imilinganiselo yale mibhobho inokwahluka phakathi kwamashumi amathathu anamakhulu amabini eemitha ububanzi naphakathi kweemitha ezimbini ukuya kwezintandathu ubunzulu, ngokubanzi umhlaba wawufunjwe ujikeleze ukuzika.
Olu hlobo lolwakhiwo lunokwahlulwa okanye ludityaniswe nezinye ezifanayo kwaye lwalusetyenziswa njengendawo yokugcina amanzi emvula, igama layo lidla ngokudityaniswa namachibi.
Ngexesha lokunqongophala kwamanzi okanye imvula eninzi yayiluncedo, kuba ekuqaleni yayisetyenziselwa ukusasaza izityalo kunye noluntu, ngokuchaseneyo, okwesibini, ngexesha lemvula eninzi yanceda ukuthintela ukukhukula komhlaba. Iinkqubo zemijelo zaye zafakelwa ukukhupha amanzi agqithisileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, azizange zisebenze nje njengeediphozithi zolulwelo olubalulekileyo, kuba emhlabeni okhutshiweyo kwaye wapakishwa emphethweni womngxuma omkhulu, iitapile ezikrakra, iquinoa kunye nekañihua zinokutyalwa ebusika, ekubeni ubukho rhoqo bamanzi eQocha bavumela. ukuze usinde kwiqabaka.
Yayiyinkqubo echuliweyo eyavumela abantu basePucara ukuba baxhamle umhlaba okude neChibi iTiticaca, ekubeni ngokugcina amanzi okunkcenkceshela, babekwazi ukutyala izityalo phantse naphi na kwimimandla esezintabeni.
Amaqonga abizwa ngokuba yiPata Pata, bubuchule obubandakanya ukuguqula ubume kunye nolwakhiwo lomhlaba ngokwakha iindonga ezigcinayo kumathambeka eentaba, nto leyo evumela ukuyilwa kweeterras apho iimveliso ezahlukeneyo zinokukhuliswa.
Ukuzaliswa phakathi kodonga kunye nethambeka lenduli lenziwe ngegrabile okanye ilitye elincinci ezantsi kunye nomgangatho ophezulu womhlaba. Kwezinye iimeko, iindonga ezimbini zenziwe ukunika uzinzo kwithafa xa ithambeka lenduli liphezulu kakhulu okanye xa indawo inemvula eninzi.
Obu buchule buphuhliswe yi-pucarás bubavumele ukuba bandise indawo yabo yemveliso ngakumbi, oko kukuthi, babenokuphucula iindawo zokulima ezineenzuzo ezahlukeneyo nezibaluleke kakhulu ngaphandle kwemveliso yokutya.
Ngokusetyenziswa kwePata pata, ukukhukuliseka kweentaba kwindawo yamathambeka adla ngokuthintelwa kakhulu koku, ezi ndawo ziyakwazi ukumelana nemozulu embi, ngakumbi iqabaka kwaye zithatha ithuba elininzi kakhulu. imvula.
Ukufuya iinkomo
I-Pukara yaphuhliswa kwi-Altiplano indawo yemfuyo eyayithanda uqoqosho lwabo, bafuya kwaye bakhulisa iillama kunye ne-alpaca, ibe ngumsebenzi wendabuko owagcinwa kwiinkulungwane ezilandelayo.
Umsebenzi wokutyisa wawuxhaphake kakhulu, uqulethwe kwimizobo kunye neepetroglyphs zelo xesha. Kwiiseramics zakudala, imiboniso yemifanekiso yabantu eyalathisa imihlambi yealpaca bobunye ubungqina bokwenziwa kwalo msebenzi kwindawo yaseAltiplano.
Kucingelwa ukuba le mihlambi isasazeke kuyo yonke iAltiplano ukuya kufutshane nezityalo, igcina iindawo ezifumileyo ngokusisigxina ezaziwa ngokuba yi- bofedales, nokuba zezendalo okanye zenziwe ngamanzi asuka kwiindawo zokunyibilika kufutshane neentaba ezigqunywe likhephu, ukwenzela impilontle yezilwanyana.
Ezi zilwanyana zimela omnye wemithombo ephambili yokutya kuluntu lwasePucara. Ukongeza kwinto yokuba uboya bayo obuthambileyo kunye nobushushu babuyeyona nto iphambili yempahla ekrwada yeempahla ezininzi, iimveliso zokutshintshiselana rhoqo kunye nolunye uluntu kulo mmandla.
Commerce
Uluntu lwasePucará kwiinkalo zalo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezigaba lugcine ukutshintshiselana rhoqo kwezorhwebo ngaphakathi kwendawo yeAltiplano kunye nolunye uluntu lwase-Andean South, isiqinisekiso esinokuxhaswa linani elikhulu lezinto zenkcubeko yasePucará kwiindawo kunye Amaziko akude kakhulu kwindawo avela kuyo.
Oku kutshintshiselana rhoqo kwezorhwebo kwavumela uluntu lwasePucará ukuba lufunde kwaye lufikelele kwezinye iindlela zangaphandle kunye nobuchule obufana neCusco, Ica, njl.
Imiboniso ubugcisa
Inkcubeko yasePucará yagqama kumboniso othile wobugcisa abathi bawuphuhlisa ngobukrelekrele, ukuyila kunye nobungangamsha, obufana nolwakhiwo kunye neeseramikhi. Nangona kunjalo, baye bangena kwimizobo eqingqiweyo kunye namalaphu. Sazise imiba enomdla yolu bonakaliso lobugcisa:
I-Architecture
Kwimimandla esemazantsi esezintabeni, kukho indawo ekumbiwa kuyo izinto zakudala, eyilwe ziidolophu ezinkulu neendawo zemibhiyozo kufutshane nonxweme lweLake Titicaca, ePucará.
Eyaziwa ngokuba yiPukará, apho imimandla emibini inokwahlulwa khona, indawo yomthendeleko kunye neephiramidi ezilithoba ezibukeka njengeendawo zokuhlala kunye neziko ledolophu. Iiphiramidi zeziko lemibhiyozo zigubungela umgama ongaphezulu kancinane kweekhilomitha ezine zesikwere kwaye zonke zahlukile kuyilo kunye nobukhulu.
Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto ibalaseleyo yiPiramidi yaseKalasaya, engamakhulu amathathu eemitha ubude, ikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu eemitha ububanzi kunye namashumi amathathu eemitha ukuphakama, eyenziwe luhlobo lweendawo eziphakamileyo ezidityaniswe nezitepsi ezihonjiswe nge-stelae kunye ne-stelae. imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, ubukhulu becala eqingqwe ematyeni ayo.
IPukará inendawo ehlala imilebe yehashe eyakhiwe kakuhle kakhulu, iindonga zelitye lentlabathi ebomvu ezivale ithala lesanti ethe yatshona kancinane, eli lihonjiswe ngamatye entlabathi amhlophe.
Ngaphakathi kwethafa kukho ibala elizikileyo elimalunga neemitha ezingamashumi amahlanu zesikweri kunye neemitha ezisixhenxe ngaphantsi komhlaba, enxibe ngokupheleleyo ngelitye lentlabathi elimhlophe kwaye ufikeleleka ngezinyuko.
Le patio inamagumbi amabini omngcwabo agqunywe ngamatye kwaye udonga lwangaphandle lunamagumbi amancinci, anamacwecwe asebenza njengesibingelelo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamatye yamadoda amafutshane, eneembasa kunye nestela, uhlobo lweshiti lamatye elihlala liqingqelwe kwindawo ethe nkqo, kunye iimilo zejometri kunye namarhamba.
Iiceramics
Iingqayi zasePucará zazisele zihambele phambili kakhulu ngelo xesha, zazingababumbi abanobuchule abenza izitya, izitya ezinde kunye nezitya ezimnyama ngodongwe olubomvu oluyibeige nezidla ngokupeyintwa ngombala obomvu, omnyama notyheli. Iingoma zamandulo ezifana nezixhobo zomculo, ezinjengamaxilongo, nazo ziye zafunyanwa.
Izizathu zokuhombisa i-ceramics zidla ngokuba yi-feline, ikakhulukazi iikati, iintaka, ii-camelids, iintloko zabantu, imifanekiso yabantu ephethe iintonga ezandleni zabo kunye nemifanekiso yejometri, ezinye zenziwe ngokusikwa.
Ubuso buhlala rhoqo, amehlo ayindawo ephambili efanayo, ipeyintiwe isiqingatha esimnyama kunye nesinye isiqingatha umbala wendalo wesitya.
Iingqayi zale nkcubeko zahlukile kwezinye zexesha elifanayo, njengoko izixhobo kunye nobuchule bayo bukhethekileyo.
Iziqwenga zenziwe ngomxube wodongwe abawuthathayo kwindawo yabo, baze bawuhluze baze bawudibanise nelitye lomhlaba okanye isanti, ngokomlinganiselo oyimfuneko ukufezekisa ukuthungwa okufunekayo, ubukhulu kunye nombala kwaye kwezinye iimeko isiphumo esikhazimlayo.
Inqanaba lePukará elidala libonakaliswa ngobuninzi okanye imixube yodongwe kwiitoni ezibomvu kakhulu kunye nezimdaka ezinokuthi zithathe iiplate, izitya, amaqula kunye nezinye izitya ezinemigca, i-grooves kunye nokusikeka okuhle kakhulu, okwathi emva koko kwapeyintwa ngomthubi, omnyama. , ngwevu kunye noBomvu.
Iziqwenga ngokubanzi zenzelwe iinjongo zemibhiyozo kunye nenkolo, imeko ephindaphindwayo ngokukrolwa. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke ezazisetyenziswa, ezinye yayiyimifanekiso eqingqiweyo okanye imifanekiso emincinci, yabantu okanye izilwanyana zasendle.
ii-monoliths
Le nkcubeko ivelise inani elikhulu lezinto eziqingqiweyo eziqingqiweyo ematyeni, ezahlukahlukeneyo kakhulu kwaye ziyamangalisa, ezinokufana nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo okanye njengemizobo abayenzayo kwiindawo ezithe tyaba.
Imizobo yamatye ngokusisiseko yimifanekiso yokwenyani yezilwanyana kunye nabantu okanye imizobo emnandi okanye yasentsomini, engafane ifane nayo nayiphi na into yokwenyani kwaye kucingelwa ukuba inxulunyaniswa neentsomi zabo.
Olunye uyilo lubandakanya amanani ejometri kunye nezinto ezingokomfanekiso, ezinxulumene neengcinga kunye nenkolo yenkcubeko yePucara. Okwangoku uninzi lwezi monoliths zinokubonwa kwi:
- IPhucará Site Museum
- Imyuziyam kaMasipala yaseTaraco
- Imyuziyam yaseDreyer yasePuno
- I-Inka Museum yaseSan Antonio Abad kwiYunivesithi yeSizwe yaseCusco
- Imyuziyam yeSizwe yeAnthropology kunye neArchaeology yasePueblo Libre eLima.
Kwibhlog yethu kukho amanqaku anomdla kakhulu anokuthi uwathande, siyakumema ukuba udibane nawo: