Okulandelayo kweli nqaku linomdla siza kuthetha ngayo yonke into eyiLa isiko Lima kwaye siya kuphonononga imvelaphi yayo ukusuka kumaxesha angaphambi kweSpanishi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngethemba lokuba iya kuba ngokokuthanda kwakho. Sukuphoswa yiyo!
Indawo yejografi yenkcubeko yaseLima
Ukuthetha malunga nenkcubeko yeLima kufuneka sazi apho yayihlala khona, yaphuhliswa ngokuyinhloko kwiintlambo zeChillón, iRímac kunye neLurín imilambo, ebekwe kunxweme olusembindini wePeru. Ezi ntlambo zintathu (kubandakanywa nentlambo eyomileyo yase-Ancón) zineempawu eziqhelekileyo ezibanika ubunye bejografi.
Ubunqabileyo benkcubeko yaseLima
Isici esahlukileyo senkcubeko yeLima yi-iconography yayo, elula: uninzi lwezoyilo zayo zisekelwe kumfanekiso weenyoka ezineentloko ezinxantathu, umntu omomothekayo ongaqondakaliyo kunye ne-Octopus sp.
Le iconography kufuneka yenziwe ngabaluki kwaye emva koko ikhutshelwe kwezinye izinto kunye nemidiya. Ezinye iimpawu ezithile zenkcubeko yaseLima zezi:
- Ubuchule bokwakha, ngokusisiseko zimbini:
-Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba ojikelezayo, oko kukuthi, iindonga ezenziwe nge-adobe enkulu okanye umhlaba owenziwe nge-adobe.
-Ukusetyenziswa kwe-adobe encinci kwimilo ye-parallelepiped, ezi zicwangciswe kwiindonga njengeencwadi kwi-shelf. - Uyilo lwezakhiwo zelitye lesikhumbuzo, ezakhiwe malunga nezikwere kunye nendawo yokuhlala ekufutshane.
- Amasiko omngcwabo wenkcubeko yeLima: bangcwaba imizimba ixesha elide, i-dorsal okanye i-ventral cubitus, inyaniso eyaphula ngequbuliso isithethe esidala semizimba kwindawo eguquguqukayo.
Inkcubeko yaseLima: Iindawo zokuhlala eziphambili
Ngokwezifundo ezenziweyo, sinokubona ukuba iindawo eziphambili zenkcubeko eLima zezi:
- Kwintlambo yaseChancay: eCerro Trinidad.
- Kwintlambo eyomileyo yaseAncón: Playa Grande.
- KwiNtlambo yaseChillón: Cerro Culebra, La Uva, Copacabana.
- Kwintlambo yaseRímac: iMaranga, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwinqanaba lokugqibela lenkcubeko yaseLima, okwangoku kwizithili zaseCercado, eSan Miguel nasePueblo Libre, apho i-huaca de San Marcos igqamile; i-Cajamarquilla complex kunye nepiramidi yaseNievería, zombini kwisithili saseLurigancho-Chosica; iMangomarca, kwisithili saseSan Juan de Lurigancho; IHuaca Pucllana, iPugliana okanye iJuliana, kwindawo eselunxwemeni yesithili saseMiraflores; i<em>huaca Trujillo (Huachipa); Vista Alegre (kufuphi Puruchuco).
- KwiNtlambo yaseLurín: itempile yakudala yasePachacámac, oko kukuthi, eyona ndlu yakudala yale ndawo ingcwele.
Amaxesha enkcubeko yeLima esekelwe kuphuhliso lwayo
Abaphandi baye benza iinzame ezininzi zokuqhubela phambili uku-odola uphuhliso lwenkcubeko yeLimia, ngokukodwa ngokulandela isimbo seziqwenga zeceramic ezifunyenweyo.
Izigaba ezintathu ezinkulu zenkcubeko yaseLima
Njengoko inkcubeko yeChavín yanyamalala, uluntu olukunxweme olusembindini wePeru yangoku lwakhula ngokwamanqanaba amathathu de lwafunxwa yinkcubeko yamaHuari. La manyathelo ahluke kakhulu kwisitayile seekeramics zawo kwaye abizwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Inyathelo lokuqala: Iibhafu ze-Boza okanye i-Miramar (inkcubeko yokuqala, inkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo ukuya kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo)
I-Ceramic: imhlophe kubomvu - Ukumisa okwesibini: i-Playa Grande (iNkcubeko yaseLima, i-XNUMXnd ukuya kwi-XNUMXth yeenkulungwane ze-AD)
I-Tricolor ceramic: emhlophe, ebomvu kunye nemnyama.
Isimbo sokutshixa - Ukuma kwesithathu: Maranga - Cajamarquilla - Nievería (inkcubeko yaseLima, i-XNUMXth ukuya kwi-XNUMX yenkulungwane)
I-Ceramic tetracolor: emhlophe, ebomvu, emnyama kunye nengwevu.
Ulwahlulo ngezigaba nguT. Patterson, kwinkcubeko yeLima
Ezi ndlela zahlulwa kuluhlu olwenziwe ngumvubukuli waseMelika uThomas C. Patterson ngowe-1964. Lo mphengululi, elandela igalelo lemethodological likaJohn Rowe.
Wachaza i-13 ye-ceramic assemblage entities ezabelana ngenani elibalulekileyo leempawu kwaye zihambelana nenani elilinganayo lezigaba:
Izigaba ezine zokuqala zisisiqalo senkcubeko yeLima, yiyo loo nto ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-pre Lima, kwaye yahlulwe ngophuhliso lwesitayile esibizwa ngokuba mhlophe kubomvu.
Iisampulu zikabani zeceramic ezafunyanwa e-Miramar, kufutshane ne-'Ancón, edityaniswe neminye imizekelo yesimbo esifana nesafunyanwa eBaños de Boza naseCerro Trinidad, kwintlambo yaseChancay.
Ezi zigaba ezisithoba zilandelayo okanye izitayela zihambelana ngokuchanekileyo nenkcubeko yaseLima; isixhenxe sokuqala singqinelana nento ebizwa ngokuba yi-nested style kwaye ezimbini zokugqibela neMaranga.
izitayela zomdongwe
Nantsi ingcaciso emfutshane yeendlela ezintathu eziphambili zePre Lima kunye neLima: Isimbo esimhlophe esiBomvu [Pre Lima] saziwa ngohombiso lwaso olupeyintiweyo olumhlophe kwimvelaphi ebomvu yendalo yenqanawa (enye indlela yayikukuqala ukugquma umphezulu wenqanawa. inqanawa enepeyinti emhlophe eyayihonjiswe ngemigca emnyama.
Iisampulu ze-ceramic zikrwada ngenkangeleko, zinomhombiso olula wejometri. Iimilo eziqhelekileyo ziphantse zibe yiglobula, iimbiza ezimfutshane, iipleyiti, izitya, iijagi ezincinci, njl.
Isitayela esinendlwane [iLima] ibonakaliswe ngokuba neyona nto iphambili yokuhombisa uthotho lwamanani anesitayile ngendlela yeentlanzi ezidityanisiweyo okanye iinyoka, njengemizobo yejometri yemigca kunye namanqaku. Sebenzisa imibala emhlophe, ebomvu kunye emnyama (i-tricolor) kwimvelaphi ebomvu. Iimilo ezimeleyo ziikomityi, iingqayi, neeglasi.
Isimbo sikaMaranga [iLima] sibonakala ngokuhombisa iifrits, iintlanzi eziphotheneyo, imigca enqumlayo, oonxantathu, izangqa namachaphaza amhlophe. Sebenzisa imibala ebomvu, emhlophe, emnyama kunye negrey (tetracolor) kwimvelaphi ye-orenji, encinci, eqaqambileyo kunye ne-shiny underwear.
Iifom zeekeramics zihluke kakhulu, kubandakanywa nefom ebizwa ngokuba yi-lenticular. Inqanaba layo lokugqibela laziwa ngokuba sisitayile saseNievería.
Izigaba zenkcubeko yeLima
Okokuqala ukuma: Baños de Boza okanye Miramar, Njengoko sele kubonisiwe, eli nqanaba lenkcubeko lihamba phambili kwinkcubeko yaseLima kwaye lilandela impembelelo yeChavín kunye nokuqala kwe-Early Intermediate (inkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC ukuya kwi-XNUMXnd yenkulungwane AD).
Nangona ingakholeleki ukuba isitayile sayo se-ceramic, esibizwa ngokuba mhlophe kubomvu, sibangele izitayile zeporcelain zamva zenkcubeko yeLima, kuba ezi zibonakala zinemvelaphi yangaphandle. Nangona, njengoko sisazi ngexesha lotshintsho, i-White on Red style yahlala ixesha elide kunye nenkcubeko yeLima.
Umfundi wale nkcubeko, uMax Uhle, nguye owafumana amabhodlo eceramic amhlophe phezu kobomvu eCerro Trinidad, kufutshane nedolophu yaseChancay, kwiminyaka yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Kwakhona wafumana ubungqina bolunye uhlobo lweengqayi zomdongwe, kamva ezabizwa ngokuba yi-interlocking, awathi ngempazamo wayigqala njengeyona indala.
Ngeminyaka yee-20, uAlfred Kroeber waqhubeka nophando lwakhe eCerro Trinidad, yaye kamva uWilliam D. Strong noJohn M. Corbett bafumanisa iintsalela zomdongwe omhlophe-obomvu ePachacámac, ekumazantsi eNtlambo yaseLurín.
UGordon Willey wonyulwa ukuba aqinisekise ngokuzeleyo ulandelelwano lwexeshana lwezitayile zeceramic ezifumaneka eCerro Trinidad, ebeka iWhite kuhlobo oluBomvu njengeyona indala kule ndawo yonxweme olusembindini. UWilley naye wemba eBaños de Boza.
Kwakwindawo enye kwiNtlambo yaseChancay, eyathi yayindawo eyedwa ephantse yafana neyodwa yomhlophe kwisitayile esibomvu, nto leyo eya yaziwa ngokuba 'sisitayile seBaños de Boza'. UWilley wapapasha iziphumo zezifundo zakhe ngowe-1945.
Olunye uphononongo olwenziwe e-Miramar (kufuphi ne-Ancón) luye lwazisa iisampulu ezahlukeneyo zeseramikhi ngolunye uhlobo lweSitayile esiMhlophe kwisitayile esiBomvu, esibizwa ngokuba “yisitayile seMiramar”.
Ngomnyaka we-1964, i-archaeologist yaseNyakatho Melika uThomas Patterson, ekulandeleni kwakhe okwaziwayo kwezigaba zophuhliso lwe-ceramic, wabeka i-White kwi-Red okanye i-Miramar style kwizigaba ezine, ngaphambi kwezo zenkcubeko ye-Lima.
I-White on Red style, kwiindlela zayo ze-Baños de Boza kunye ne-Miramar, ziphumelele kwiingqayi zababumbi bazo zonke iindawo ezingabamelwane kunxweme olusembindini weLima (iChancay, Ancón [intlambo eyomileyo], iChillón, iRímac kunye neentlambo zaseLurín). , emva kokupheliswa kwempembelelo ye-Chavín-style pottery.
Ukugrunjwa kubonise iintsalela zeengqayi eziphantse zibe yiglowubhu, ezineentamo ezimfutshane, ezivulelekileyo kwaye ziphantse zivuleke. Iipleyiti, iiglasi, iingqayi ezincinci, njl. nazo zafunyanwa.
Kweli nqanaba iidolophana zokuloba ezincinci (Ancón) kunye namafama ayaziwa. Aba bamva bafika benyuka amathambeka eenduli ezisekupheleni kwentlambo. Imisinga esemacaleni yayibaluleke kakhulu njengoko yayiqokelela amanzi ngexesha leemvula.
Inkqubo yamadama aseHuachipa avumela ukuba amanzi agcinwe. Kuye kwafunyanwa amangcwaba amakhulu eTablada de Lurín, asusela kwiihektare ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingama-50, eyayihlala amawakawaka amangcwaba ukususela ngelo xesha.
Ubukho bezixhobo, i-batons kunye ne-enamels njengeminikelo yokungcwaba kunye nobungqina beendawo zokuhlala ezikhuselweyo ngeendonga kwiindawo eziphezulu zeenduli zibonisa ukuba ubudlelwane kunye namaqela eentlanga ezingabamelwane abuzange bube noxolo ngokupheleleyo.
Inqanaba lesibini: iPlaya Grande, Ngeli xesha, isitayela sayo se-ceramic sihambelana nesigaba sokuqala senkcubeko ye-Lima (i-XNUMXnd ukuya kwi-XNUMX yeenkulungwane AD).
Yintoni eyinika igama layo yikholoni yePlaya Grande ekwiindawo zokuhlambela zangoku zaseSanta Rosa, isithili saseSanta Rosa, idolophu yaseLima, iikhilomitha ezi-3 emazantsi e-Ancón, efunyenwe nguLouis Stumer ngo-1952.
Nangona kunjalo, isimbo sele sichongiwe ngaphambili nguMax Uhle eCerro Trinidad (Chancay), kwaye yafundwa nguKroeber (1926), uStrong noCorbett (1943) kunye noWilley (1943), phantsi kwegama lentlanzi ehlala kwindlwane okanye intlanzi.
Ngenxa yokuba uphawu lwalo oluphambili luyilo olunesitayile lwentlanzi edibeneyo (okanye iinyoka) ezihombisa iindonga ze-ceramic, ukudibanisa imibala emnyama, emhlophe kunye nebomvu (i-tricolor). Kubonakala ukuba, imvelaphi yayo impembelelo yenkcubeko yeRecuay, ehlala ngasentla, e-Áncash.
Isikhundla salo se-stratigraphic njengoko emva kweBaños de Boza nangaphambi kokuba uMaranga kunye noTiahuanaco-Huari aqinisekiswe ngophando olunzulu olwenziwa ngu-Ernesto Tabío ngo-1957. Kamva, uPatterson wayiquka ngokulandelelana kwakhe kophuhliso lweceramic olubandakanya phantsi kwegama elithi «Lima» (igama elithi "Lima"). 1964).
Bebonisa ukuhambela phambili kobugcisa, ababumbi ababekhonza kumaziko emisitho ngelo xesha benza izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe ezintle nezimile kakuhle, nangona kwafunyanwa izitya ezinkulu ezirhabaxa nezikrwada.
Uluhlu lwale ndlela luphakathi kweChancay Valley ukuya ngasentla kunye neLurín Valley ukuya ngasezantsi. Empuma, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ifikelele kwinxalenye yeCisandean. Konke oku kubonisa ukuba iinkosi ezinkulu zonxweme olusembindini zazandisile iindawo zazo.
Izakhiwo ezenziwe ngexesha lesigaba se-Baños de Boza-Miramar zaphuhliswa, zaba ziiphiramidi ezinkulu ezinamaqonga anyusiweyo. Ezi zakhiwo, ebezinomsebenzi ophindwe kabini wokuba ziitempile zebhotwe, zineepayile ezinkulu zogxininiso lwezithethe nemisebenzi yorhwebo.
Izakhiwo zasezidolophini nazo zakhiwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwiintlambo. Iindawo ezingcwele neendawo zokuhlala ezibekekileyo zazijikelezwe ngamasimi amakhulu namathafa eenkomo ezininzi.
Isiseko se-quadrangular ye-architecture yesikhumbuzo senziwe ngeendonga zamatye. Emva koko kwafika iiplatifti ezinamabali amaninzi, ezakhiwe ngezitena ze-adobe zemilo eyahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu. Iindonga zangaphakathi zazigutyungelwe ludaka.
Iindonga zabo zazihonjiswe ngemibala ebomvu nemhlophe, nto leyo eyayibenza bafane nezakhiwo ezintle. Ezinye iindonga eziphambili zihonjiswe kwisitayile esidityanisiweyo, ngendlela enemibala emininzi, njengoko yafunyanwa eCerro Culebras (iChillon Valley).
Ukwenza ezi piramidi zikhulu, ezinamatye angamawaka kunye nezigidi zezitena, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabayili bezakhiwo, abakhi, abancedisi, abagcini-masango, abapeyinti, abahlobi, abachweli, amagcisa kunye nomsebenzi omkhulu, kufuneka ukuba ube nomsebenzi omninzi. Ngoko ke, kulandele ukuba abemi bezintlambo bamele ukuba babebaninzi kakhulu.
Uphawu olubalulekileyo lweli nqanaba yayilutshintsho ekuziphatheni komngcwabo: indawo yemveli eguquguqukayo yomzimba kunye namalungu abanjwe ngamandla, ehleli okanye kwicala elinye, athatyathelwa indawo lisiko likaLima, kunye nomzimba ulele. Imbalwa imihla efunyenwe kwikhabhoni ye-14 inokubeka le nyaniso phakathi kwenkulungwane yesine neyesihlanu AD.
Kwi-Playa Grande, amangcwaba e-12 kunye nabantu be-30 afunyenwe; eyona ibalulekileyo yeza neminikelo yequartz, jadeite, turquoise, lapis lazuli, Spondylus, kunye neobsidian. Kwelinye lamangcwaba, iintloko ezimbini zomntu zibekwe njengomnikelo, kunye neentaka ezineentsiba ezintle.
Kuzo zonke iziseko zeli xesha, i-Playa Grande mhlawumbi yayibaluleke kakhulu, ngelo xesha kwinqanaba eliphezulu kunendawo endala yePachacámac kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala zenkcubeko yaseLima.
Indawo ye-Playa Grande, ejongene nolwandle kunye neqela leziqithi, ibonisa ukubaluleka kwenkolo, kunye nobutyebi be-ceramics yayo kunye nezixhobo ezifunyenweyo (umzekelo, umkhonto wesanti we-Playa Grande).
Ngelishwa, ulwazi oluninzi olufihliweyo kwi-Playa Grande lwatshatyalaliswa ngokwakhiwa kwe-spa; Okwangoku, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezixhobo kunye nomdla wabasemagunyeni, iintsalela ezisisiseko zinokulahleka ngaphezu kweehektare ezili-100 zommandla ongaphuhliswanga we-spa; I-Domain apho ii-arhente ezininzi ze-real estate zibeke umdla wazo kunye nesivumelwano sequmrhu likarhulumente.
Eminye imizekelo yakudala yesitayile sePlaya Grande ifunyenwe kwiNtlambo yaseChillón, ngakumbi eCerro Culebra naseCopacabana, iidolophu ezimbini ezinezakhiwo ezikhulu. Ngokufanayo, kwiindawo ezikufutshane zaseRímac (iHuaca Trujillo, kufuphi neCajamarquilla, eHuachipa) kunye neLurín (iPachacámac kunye neTablada de Lurín) iinqanawa ezifaniswayo kakhulu kunye neempahla ezilukiweyo nazo zifunyenwe, ezinxulumene ne-Adobe architecture.
Inqanaba lesithathu: Maranga – Cajamarquilla – Nievería: Umjikelo wokugqibela wembali yenkcubeko yaseLima (i-XNUMX ukuya kwe-XNUMX yenkulungwane AD) yasindiswa ngabavubukuli ngokuyinhloko ekufumaneni kwiintlambo zaseRímac naseLurín.
Eyona nto yayibaluleke kakhulu yayiyimisebenzi yeCajamarquilla kunye neNievería (zombini kwicala lasekunene le-Rímac), kunye nakwisakhiwo sesikhumbuzo seephiramidi zaseMaranga (ngasekhohlo komlambo omnye), namhlanje iyinxalenye yesixeko saseyunivesithi IYunivesithi yaseSan Marco.
UMax Uhle wayesisiqalo sophando lwesitayile se-ceramic yaseNievería, egqitywe kakuhle kunye nokuhonjiswa okuhle, awathi wanxulumana nezinye iisampulu awazifumana eCerro Trinidad kwaye awayibiza ngokuba yi "Proto Lima", kuba wayekholelwa ukuba yayingabo. Imvelaphi yaseNasca. URaoul Dancourt, ngowe-1922, wakhetha ukubiza ingqayi yodongwe ngokuthi Nievería de Cajamarquilla.
Kamva, ngo-1949, isazi senkcubeko yase-Ecuadorian uJacinto Jijón y Caamaño wasebenzisa igama elithi "Maranga" kwixesha elibizwa ngokuba yi "Proto Lima", igama lesakhiwo sokwakha apho wafunda khona kamva. NguStumer owacebisa amagama athi "Playa Grande" kwizigaba zokuqala (eza kuthiwa yi-interlacing) kunye ne "Maranga" yokugqibela.
Kwaye ngo-1964, uT. Patterson wadibanisa la magama phantsi kwegama elithi "Lima", lahlulwe libe ngamanqanaba angama-9, libeka isitayela seNievería ekuqaleni kweMiddle Horizon (660 AD). I-Nievería okwangoku ichazwa njengeyantlukwano yendawo kunye neyangoku yesigaba sokugqibela seLima okanye isitayile saseMaranga.
Ifashoni ebizwa ngokuba yiMaranga ingaba yinto ephuma kwiPlaya Grande; inyaniso kukuba ngokobuchwepheshe iyayidlula. Ababumbi beli xesha benza iiseramics zeemilo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezihonjiswe nge-fretwork, intlanzi edibeneyo, imigca enqumlayo, oonxantathu, izangqa kunye namachaphaza amhlophe.
Ngokubhekiselele kumbala, bekuyi-tetracolor: ngaphezu kwemibala esele isetyenziswe kwizigaba zokugqibela ze-Playa Grande (obomvu, omhlophe kunye nomnyama), umbala omtsha wongezwa, ompunga. Esi simbo sodongwe saqhubeka de kwabakho ulawulo lwamaHuari, ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngenxa yokuba lwaluphakamile kunelo lwaboyisi, nangona lwalunempembelelo yasemzini.
Kwakukwixesha lokugqibela kweli nqanaba, emva kwesiganeko se-El Niño esenzeka phakathi kwe-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane AD ngexesha lokuphinda kuqaliswe umsebenzi onzima wezolimo kwintlambo yaseHuachipa. Ukuhlaliswa kwasuswa kwiindawo ezikhuseleka ngokulula (iinduli okanye iinduli) ukuya kwiindawo ezikufutshane namasimi alinyiweyo.
Konke oku kukhokelele ekuveleni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu zepiramidi kunye nezakhiwo ezijikelezileyo kunye neendawo ezivaliweyo, indawo yeCajamarquilla yeyona inomtsalane ngokobukhulu kunye nokwandiswa. Enye into ephawulekayo yile yaseMaranga.
Iiphiramidi ezithi (eziya kuba ziindawo zebhotwe) kwisakhiwo sazo zilandele izikhokelo zezinye iziganeko zesigaba sangaphambili, kodwa zancediswa ngezinye iinkcukacha. Ziyimisebenzi yoyilo lwesikhumbuzo, egcwele amaqonga kunye namabhotwe, zonke zipeyintwe tyheli kunye nomhlophe (obomvu ukusuka kwinqanaba elidlulileyo lilahliwe).
Ukongezwa kakuhle kwezi ndawo zogcino imizobo emikhulu eludongeni ipeyintiwe, ingakumbi imizobo yeentlanzi. Ezi ndonga ze-polychrome zazinokubonwa kude.
Ukongeza kwizakhiwo zaseMaranga kunye neCajamarquilla-Nivería ezikhankanywe ngasentla, kukho obunye ubungqina bezakhiwo ezikwesi sigaba:
- Kwintlambo esezantsi yeRímac (iphondo laseLima ngoku): IArmatambo, emazantsi eMorro Solar (Chorrillos); kunye neMangomarca (San Juan de Lurigancho), zombini ngoku ichatshazelwe kukunwenwa kwedolophu. Obunye ubungqina bokwakha obukhoyo ngoku yiHuaca Pucllana (Miraflores) kunye neHuaca Granados (La Molina).
- KwiNtlambo yaseChillón, izakhiwo zeCarabayllo kunye ne-huaca yaseCerro Culebras zivelele.
- Kwintlambo eyomileyo yaseAncón: idolophu yasePlaya Grande.
- KwiNtlambo yaseChancay: itempile-ibhotwe laseCerro Trinidad, apho kwafunyanwa khona umzobo wepolychrome, kunye noyilo lwentlanzi edibeneyo.
- KwiNtlambo yaseLurín: itempile endala ye-adobe yasePachacámac.
Isakhono sokuhlanganisa uluntu luphela ukwenzela imisebenzi yoluntu kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni okuthile kwisitayile somdongwe womthendeleko kubonisa ubukho begunya elingundoqo lezopolitiko.
Ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa
I-Architecture: Izakhiwo zesikhumbuzo ziqhelekile kwinkcubeko yaseLima: iiphiramidi ezide ezineeplaza ezikufutshane kunye neendawo zokuhlala, ezifikeleleka phezulu kwiindlela ezineendonga kunye neerampu.
Uyilo olukhulu lweLima luneendlela ezimbini eziphindaphindiweyo:
- Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba onqanyuliweyo, oko kukuthi, iindonga ze-adobe enkulu okanye umhlaba onqanyuliweyo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kweebhloko ezincinci ze-adobe kwimilo ye-paralelepiped, eyathatha indawo ye-plane-convex (paniform) i-adobe eyenziwe ngesandla. Amaxesha amaninzi, ezi adobitos zibekwe ngokuthe nkqo ngaphakathi eludongeni, njengeencwadi kwishelufu. Le ndlela yobugcisa ayizange iphile emva kokuphela kwenkcubeko yaseLima.
Umzekelo omeleyo wolu lwakhiwo luyilo olukhulu lwaseMaranga, namhlanje olukwindawo yedolophu yaseLima, phakathi kwezithili zaseCercado, ePueblo Libre naseSan Miguel. Ziizikhumbuzo zephiramidi, ezinamathambeka kunye nezinyuko, iindawo ezivaliweyo kunye neendawo zokugcina iimpahla.
Esinye sezona zakhiwo zibalaseleyo kule ndawo yi-Huaca de San Marcos, ehlala e-Avenida Venezuela, kwikhampasi yeYunivesithi yaseSan Marcos. I-Huaca Pucllana, kwisithili sase-Miraflores, esinye isakhiwo esibonakaliswe ngokusetyenziswa kweebhloko ezincinci. Yimilo yepyramidal enoluhlu lwezakhiwo ezenziwe ngeendonga ezithe tye ezenza i-enclosures kunye ne-patios, nayo eyakhiwe kwi-adobitos. Ukubumba: Uphuhliso lwe-ceramics yaseLima lwahlulwe lwaba ngamanqanaba amabini aphambili:
Isitayela esidibeneyo okanye esibizwa ngokuba yiPlaya Grande, ebonakaliswa ngokuba neyona nto iphambili yokuhlobisa uluhlu lwemifanekiso ngendlela yeentlanzi ezidibeneyo okanye iinyoka, ezifana nezibalo zejometri zemigca kunye namanqaku. Yiyo loo nto igama elithi interlace eliguqulelwe lisuka kwisiNgesi lithetha "ezidityanisiweyo" okanye "ezidityanisiweyo".
Idibanisa imibala emnyama, emhlophe kunye nebomvu (i-tricolor) kwimvelaphi ebomvu. Iingqayi zomdongwe zilungile kwaye zimile kakuhle, nangona kunjalo, iingqayi ezinkulu ezijongeka rhabaxa nazo zifunyenwe. Iinqanawa ezicekethekileyo ezifunyenweyo ziingqayi ezingqukuva, iingqayi ezisilinda, iingqayi zegoblet, iingqayi ezimile okwentsimbi, iipleyiti ezinemigca egudileyo kunye nezitya, iingqayi ezimile okwesilwanyana esanyisayo okanye esifana nofudo.
Isimbo saseMaranga, esibonisa ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwemodeli. Isigaba saso sokugqibela saziwa njengesitayile saseNievería, esele siphantsi kweempembelelo zeMoche kunye neHuari. Ukusetyenziswa kodongwe oluhle kakhulu luvelele, kunye neemeko ezigqwesileyo zokudubula kunye nokugqitywa kwendawo. Ekuhlobiseni kwayo, ibonakaliswe ngokubonakaliswa kwee-frets, iintlanzi ezidibeneyo, imigca ye-intersecting, i-triangles, izangqa kunye namachaphaza amhlophe.
Sebenzisa imibala ebomvu, emhlophe, emnyama kunye negrey (tetracolor) kwimvelaphi ye-orenji, encinci, eqaqambileyo kunye ne-shiny underwear. Iifom ze-ceramics zihluke kakhulu: kukho iinqanawa ze-lenticular ezithi, kunye nokunciphisa kwindawo yayo ephakathi, zivela iiplati ezimbini ezinzulu ezihlanganiswe neziseko zazo.
Banesiphatho sebhulorho, ngamanye amaxesha badibanisa iintamo ezimbini ezinde, ezinqamlekileyo okanye intamo kunye nomzekelo we-anthropomorphic okanye i-zoomorphic figure okanye i-statuette (i-ceramic eqingqiweyo), okanye nje phakathi kwentamo ye-spout kunye nomzimba wenqanawa, ezikuzo. imilo ingqukuva. Kwakukho neepleyiti zodongwe, iimbiza kunye neengqayi ezigqitywe kakuhle, uninzi oluninzi.
Njengoko sele sibonisile, ngo-1964 uPatterson wahlulahlula olu phuhliso lweceramic yenkcubeko yaseLima kwiindlela ezisithoba, ezokuqala ezisixhenxe zihambelana nesitayela se-nested kunye nesibini sokugqibela kwisitayile saseMaranga:
- Isigaba se-Lima se-1 sibonakaliswe ngokuveliswa kweengqayi kunye namacwecwe amakhulu, kunye nomhlobiso omnyama nomhlophe okanye otshisiweyo.
- Kwisigaba se-2 se-Lima, kukho izimbiza ezichanekileyo kunye namacwecwe, kwaye i-slip emhlophe okanye ebomvu isetyenziswe kwindawo yokuqala.
- Isigaba se-3 se-Lima, apho iiglasi ezithe tye, iijugi ezinkulu, iipleyiti, njl.
- I-Lima isigaba se-4, apho uhlobo olutsha lwebhodwe olunomphetho osicaba lubonakala, kunye nomhlobiso wepeyinti.
- Isigaba sesi-5 saseLima apho izitya ezinamacala agobileyo, iimbiza ezisicaba kunye neengqayi ezincancisayo zigqamayo, kwaye imotif ephindaphindiweyo yinyoka enendlwane.
- Isigaba se-Lima 6, apho iingqayi ezinkulu zihamba phambili.
- Isigaba se-Lima se-7 sineembiza ezineentamo ezigobileyo kunye neengqayi ezineentamo ezivuthayo, phakathi kwezinye, ezihlotshiswe ngonxantathu odibeneyo odibeneyo kunye neenyoka.
- Isigaba se-Lima 8, apho iifom zangaphambili ziphindaphindiwe, kunye nomhlobiso weenxantathu, iibhanti ezibanzi zemibala kunye nemigca emihle epeyintiweyo emhlophe.
- Isigaba se-Lima 9, esithatha iifom zangaphambili kunye nenyoka edibeneyo ekuhlobiseni.
Textile art
Izinto ezilukiweyo zazingomnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo waloo nkcubeko. Basebenzisa kakhulu imisonto yomqhaphu kunye noboya be-camelid. Imihlobiso ebalaseleyo iyafana naleyo yekeramics: amanani eentlanzi, iinyoka kunye nemigca eyahlukeneyo, edibeneyo.
Ngexesha leMaranga, inani elikhulu lemibala yasetyenziswa xa kuthelekiswa nodongwe. Iblue, grey, green, brown, and different shades of red ibonakala. I-Upholstery (okokuqala ngqa kunxweme olusembindini), iibrocade, kunye namalaphu apeyintiweyo avele malunga neli xesha.
ubugcisa beentsiba
Ubugcisa bepeni yayiyenye yemisebenzi yobugcisa yeempawu zoovimba. Yayiquka ukulungiswa kwepeyinti epeyintiweyo okanye iintsiba ezikhethiweyo ngemibala eyahlukeneyo (obomvu, eluhlaza, emnyama, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nephuzi), ukuthunga kwiskimu soyilo esinika idyasi ubuhle obumangalisayo.
Iintsiba ziphuma ikakhulu kwiintaka zaselwandle, izikhwenene, iimacaws kunye nezinye iintlobo zeentlobo zezityalo ezisuka kwiintlambo ze-Andean, ezisuka kurhwebo phakathi kweengingqi. La malaphu anentsiba ayesetyenziselwa iinkosi eziphethe ihlelo okanye urhulumente kuphela.
Ibhasikithi
I-Basketry ngomnye umsebenzi wobugcisa onobugcisa obuphuhliswe ngokuphawulekayo. Umvubukuli wezinto zakudala u-Ernesto Tabío, owenza ukugrumba ePlaya Grande, wabonisa ukuba "yayiyidolophu eyenza ibhasikidi ephawulekayo" (1955).
Ngokwenene, wafumana inani elingaqhelekanga leebhaskithi, ezinoluhlu olukhulu kubuchule bazo bokwakha, iipatheni zazo zokuhombisa, imilinganiselo yazo kunye nemilo yazo.
Qoqosho
Njengazo zonke iinkcubeko zommandla wonxweme, isiseko soqoqosho lwayo yayikukuloba kunye nezolimo.
Pesca
Eyona nto ixhaphake kakhulu kwimpucuko yaselunxwemeni, ukuloba yayingumsebenzi osisiseko. Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kukuba ukongeza kwiintlobo zokuloba (pejerrey, corvina, cojinova, liza, njl.)
Iintsalela zeentlanzi ezifumaneka kuphela kwizikolo ezikwi-100 okanye i-200 m ubunzulu nazo zifunyenwe, ezifana, umzekelo, i-machete, i-sardine, i-anchovy kunye ne-bonito. Akwaziwa ukuba babanjwe njani na.
Babengabadibanisi ababalaseleyo, akukho mathandabuzo ngaloo nto. Basusa oonokrwece ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8 m ubunzulu, obusebenza njengento yokuhombisa. Kuwo onke amabhotwe afunyanwa emaninzi.
ZoLimo
Ulimo sele lungumsebenzi onzima. Bafumana umhlaba wokulima ngokusebenzisa imijelo emininzi okanye imisele, eminye yayo esasetyenziswa nanamhlanje. Ezona zityalo zazizilima yayizezi: umbona, iimbotyi ezibanzi, iimbotyi, umngqusho, ithanga, ibhatata, amandongomane, iapile lecustard, ilucuma, ipacae, njl.
Oku kuya kuba kukuchuma kweentlambo zonxweme kunye nenani leefama okanye iindawo ezilinywayo, kuqikelelwa ukuba i-Rímac intlambo yodwa iya kuhlala abantu be-200.000. Ababhali bembali baseSpeyin baye bangqina ukuba le ntlambo yayiyeyona ityebileyo ngamabhodlo neentsalela zezakhiwo zamandulo, ingakumbi kummandla osemazantsi, kufuphi nolwandle.
Ukhetho lukaFrancisco Pizarro lokufumana ikomkhulu likarhulumente wakhe apho, ngoku ikomkhulu leRiphabhliki yasePeruvia, lalisekelwe kwikholoni eyayisele ikhona, echumileyo nenabemi abaninzi. Ngesi sizathu, sinokuthi isixeko saseLima asizange sizalwe ngo-1535, unyaka wesiseko saso saseSpain, kodwa ukuba abanduleli baso babuyela emva kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Ukuqinisekisa ukunkcenkceshela okusisigxina kwamasimi abo kunye nokunikezelwa kwamanzi kubemi, iikalika zakha izakhiwo ezibini ze-hydraulic ephawulekayo kwi-Rímac Valley esetyenziswayo namhlanje:
- Umlambo waseSurco, umjelo wokunkcenkceshela othwala amanzi oMlambo iRímac ukusuka eAte ukuya eChorrillos, udlula eSantiago de Surco, Miraflores naseBarranco.
- IHuatica Canal, ethwala amanzi ukusuka eLa Victoria ukuya eMaranga.
Isiseko sakhiwe ngexesha lokugqibela, elibizwa ngokuba yiMaranga, phakathi kwe-500 kunye ne-700 AD Kungenzeka ukuba imbalela yekhulu le-XNUMX kunye nokwanda kwemvula ebangelwa yinto ye-El Niño ngexesha le-XNUMXth yayiyi-stimuli eqinisekileyo. lo msebenzi.
Commerce
Ekuphakameni kwenkcubeko yaseLima, yonke indawo eyayikuyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo yaba liziko elikhulu lezorhwebo. Iintlambo zayo zayinxibelelanisa neendawo ezicwangcisiweyo ezintabeni, ezinabemi abathengisa izinto zabo. Kwiindawo ze-archaeological kusekho izinto ezivela kwimimandla kunye neenkcubeko ezingabamelwane, ezithi ngokwemvelo zibe neempembelelo kwimiboniso yobugcisa bekalika, njengoko uLuis Lumbreras egxininisa:
“Inkcubeko yaseLima asiyonkcubeko engenabuntu; ukuyichaza, kuyimfuneko ukubhenela kubudlelwane babo kunye nezinye iinkcubeko ezininzi zonxweme kunye neentaba, ukuba ngumlingiswa wabo wokwamkela okunamandla. «.
ukungcwatywa
Kufunyenwe iindlela ezimbini zokungcwaba:
- Okuqhelekileyo: Isidumbu sasigqunywe ngomqolo omnye okanye emibini, ehamba kunye nezinye izitya zasekhaya, zibekwe kwindawo ethe tye kwaye zingcwatywe 1 m okanye 1,5 m ubunzulu.
- Ngokukodwa: isidumbu sasibekwe kwi-stretcher (uhlobo oluthile lwebhedi okanye ibhedi ephathekayo) eyenziwe ngeentonga kunye neengcongolo. Isikhundla somntu oshonile siyahluka ngokwemozulu: kwinqanaba eliphambi kweLima, oko kukuthi ebizwa ngokuba yiBaños de Boza ("Mhlophe kuBomvu"). Isikhundla sisecaleni; kwinqanaba elilandelayo okanye i-Playa Grande ("i-nesting"), umzimba ubekwe kwi-cubitus ye-ventral (ubuso phantsi) kunye ne-stretcher ngasemva; kunye nenqanaba lokugqibela okanye iMaranga, ibekwe kwi-dorsal ulna yayo (ubuso phezulu). Esongelwe ngemiwunduzo eyahlukahlukeneyo ehonjisiweyo, eneempahla ezahlukahlukeneyo zasekhaya nezasemfazweni, ekhatshwa ngomnye ofileyo, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba omnye wanikela ngembeko yakhe.
isiphelo senkcubeko
Zonke izakhiwo ezigrunjiweyo eLima zibonisa ukuba zilahliwe ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ye-AD Kuye kwacingelwa ukuba izizathu zaziyintlekele yendalo okanye uhlaselo olutshabalalisayo lwangaphandle, olufana nolo lweHuaris. Nangona kunjalo, iintsalela zibonisa ukuba ibikukuvalwa okucwangcisiweyo kweendawo zoluntu ngokuthotyelwa ngokupheleleyo kwemimiselo echanekileyo. Iiyadi kunye nezinye izakhiwo phezu kweepiramidi zangcwatywa ngokuzaliswa ngabom.
Ukufikelela kuvalwe ngeendonga ze-adobe, iibhloko zodongwe okanye ilitye. Asazi ukuba onke amatyala okuvalwa kunye nokulahlwa kwenzeka ngexesha elinye kunye nezizathu ezifanayo. Ekugqibeleni, kunokwenzeka ukuba isiko elinxulumene nokufa kwabahlali bokugqibela kwibhotwe ngalinye kwisigaba saseMaranga.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ukungcwatywa kunye nobunye ubungqina bomsebenzi womntu bubonisa ukuba i-architecture ye-Lima yoluntu yashiywa xa iinqanawa kunye neendwangu ezihlotshiswe nge-Tiwanacu kunye ne-Nasca designs (i-Viñaque, i-Pachacámac kunye ne-Atarco styles) yavela. isasazeke kunxweme olusembindini. Ngamathuba athile, ababumbi basekuhlaleni nabo bawamkela la mabinzana (iNevería style).
Le meko yokuwa kwamandla asembindini ichasene nokusasazwa kwesitayile sendawo, iNievería, eLambayeque, kunye nezinye izitayile zasezantsi. Kungenzeka ukuba abameli abahlukeneyo beLima elite bajoyine amanye amaqela e-Huari kwaye bathatha inxaxheba ekunqobeni enyakatho.
Ngelo xesha, iPachacámac Sanctuary yayisiya isibaluleka njengendawo enomtsalane kumawakawaka abahambi ngezonqulo, kungoko inkolo yothixo wegama elifanayo yasasazeka kulo lonke ilizwe laseAndean. Mhlawumbi kule ndawo apho umanyano oluqikelelwayo phakathi kweLima kunye neHuari lutywinwe.
Kancinci ngakumbi malunga neLima Culture
Inkcubeko yeLima yaphuhliswa kwiintlambo ezenziwe yimilambo yaseChillón, iChancay, iRímac kunye neLurín. Ngokophando lwe-archaeological, ngakumbi uphando lweeseramics ezifunyenweyo, iindawo ezimbini zenkcubeko ziye zachongwa kunxweme olusembindini phakathi kwe-200 BC. C. kunye ne-100 AD, enye ukuya emantla oMlambo iChillón.
Apha amaqela ezizwe ahlala apho avelisa oko abembi bezinto zakudala bakubiza ngokuba yiBaños de Boza okanye isimbo sikaMiramar, esineempawu ezifana nenkcubeko yeSalinar; kwaye enye isemazantsi omlambo iChillón, endaweni yoko ibonisa iimpawu zeParacas necropolis. Kwaba ngo 100 AD kwaze kwaba malunga no 700 AD, apho kwabakho isitayile esibizwa ngokuba yi Lima.
Impembelelo yenkcubeko yenkcubeko yeLima
Ukususela kwi-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMX yenkulungwane ye-AD, isitayela senkcubeko yaseLima yafumana udumo kwaye yaxeliswa kulo lonke unxweme oluphakathi. Kodwa kukwayabonakala ukuba imifuziselo emininzi yenkcubeko yeli xesha iphenjelelwa zezinye izithethe zaselunxwemeni. Oku kubonisa ukuba unxibelelwano lwenkcubeko kunye neminye imimandla lunyuke kakhulu.
Yendalo
Ummandla wonxweme olusembindini, apho amadoda enkcubeko yaseLima ahlala khona, inemozulu epholileyo, ayishushu njengasemazantsi okanye emantla, nangona inomswakama omncinci kwaye ixhomekeke kutshintsho kwiqondo lokushisa kunye nokwakheka kwe-microclimates. Ubukho benkqubo yokuphilisana kwendalo ehambelanayo kufuneka bugxininiswe; iintlambo, ulwandle, imigxobhozo, kunye neenduli eziselunxwemeni zazisetyenziswa ngabemi balo mmandla ukuze baziphilise.
Umbutho wenkcubeko yaseLima
Amangcwaba kunye nenani elikhulu lamangcwaba afunyenwe kwindawo yempembelelo yale nkcubeko ibonisa ukuba yayiyimimandla yoluntu, ehlelwe kwiinuclei zeentsapho ezongeziweyo. Kwelinye icala, ubukho bezixhobo zemingcwabo nokubakho kwekhusi elikhuselwe ngeendonga kwiindawo eziphezulu zeenduli kubonisa ukuba abemi bayo baye bajamelana neengxabano ezinzulu.
Kamva, ngexesha lencopho, amaziko emisitho aphambili akhiwa kwaye ubukho begunya lezopolitiko eliphakathi elikwaziyo ukuhlanganisa amakhulu abantu kwimisebenzi yoluntu kunokubonwa. Nangona kunzima ukukhomba isiphelo sale nkcubeko, kucetyiswa ukuba kwakungenxa yokwandiswa kweHuari, eyathi ngokuthe ngcembe yahlala kwiindawo zenkcubeko zaseLima.
Iiceramics
I-Ceramics ibe yinto ephambili ekwakhiweni ngokutsha kwenkcubeko yeLima, kunye nenethiwekhi yoqhagamshelwano eye yaphuhliswa kunye neminye imimandla. Ekuqaleni, impembelelo yeSalinar kunye neParacas necropolis icacile. Lixesha le-boom, isimbo esithile sibonakala sibonakaliswe ngamanani ejometri enika ukubonakala kwemizimba yenyoka ejikeleziweyo kunye ephotheneyo kunye neentloko ezinxantathu, nangona abanye abaphengululi becinga ukuba imvelaphi yale mboniso yayisezintabeni ezisemantla, kunye nenkcubeko yeRecuay. . .
I-Architecture
Abaphandi baqaphela izigaba ezibini kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko yeLima. Inqanaba lokuqala lenkcubeko libizwa ngokuba yiPlaya Grande okanye i-Enclavamiento, apho iitempile zeCerro Culebra zigqamile, elunxwemeni loMlambo iChillón kunye neCerro Trinidad eChancay, ngemizobo enomtsalane.
Inqanaba lesibini lenkcubeko libizwa ngokuba yiMaranga; Kungelo xesha ke ekwathi kwakhiwa izakhiwo zokuqala ezinkulu zikawonke-wonke. Iipiramidi eziphakamileyo zineendawo ezivaliweyo kunye neeplaza kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, ezidityaniswe neendlela ezikhuselweyo ngamagqabha kunye neendonga, ezineendawo zokugcina kunye nezinye ezinikezelwe kwimveliso.
Ezi zakhiwo zakhiwe ngeeadobes ezincinci ezicandiweyo, zabekwa njengeshelufu; Kwasetyenziswa nolunye udongwe olucoliweyo. I-Huaca Maranga igqamile njengelona ziko libalulekileyo elakhiwe kwindawo esezantsi yoMlambo iRímac.
Amanye amaziko abalulekileyo yayiyiPucllana huaca kunye netempile ye-adobe yePachacamac, kodwa eyona inkulu yayiyiCajamarquilla, kuba yayiziihektare ezimalunga ne-167 apho kwakusakhiwa iindawo ezivaliweyo ezazisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, njengezindlu, iindawo zokugcina iimpahla neendawo zonqulo.
Isixeko saseCajamarquilla
Enye yezona ndawo zikhulu zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic eziye zagcinwa, ngaphezu kwe-6 amawaka eemitha zesikwere, yiCajamarquilla, indawo ye-archaeological ebekwe kwintshona yeLima (Ate-Vitarte). Yakhiwa malunga ne-400 AD
Yenziwe ziiphiramidi eziphambili ezilishumi elinanye, ijikelezwe zizindlu ezininzi ezinomgangatho omnye, ezinoxande. Olu lungiselelo lwesithuba lube negalelo kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yiLabyrinth, ukwakhiwa kweephiramidi kwenziwa ngeepaneli zodaka ezinkulu ezithe nkqo zetrapezoidal.
Ilaphu ngalinye kula makhulu lenziwe ngamaleko aliqela odongwe abekwe phezu kwelinye. Ukwakhiwa kwakhona kokuqala okwenziwa kolu luhlu lwezakhiwo aluzange lwenziwe ngokwesicwangciso sokuqala.
Inkcubeko yeChincha kufutshane neLima
Olu hlanga lwakhula phakathi kwe-900 kunye ne-1450 AD, lwavela kwiintlambo zaseCañete, Chincha, Pisco, Ica kunye neNazca. Mhlawumbi bakha urhulumente wengingqi othanda imfazwe ongaphantsi kweChimú, owangena kummandla waseAndean, owawuchasa ukuchasa ngenzondelelo uBukhosi bamaInca.
Umbutho wezopolitiko wenkcubeko yeChincha
Imeko yendawo eyahlala kuyo esi sithethe yayenza yabaluleka kwezobupolitika, ekubeni yayiyazi indlela yokumanyanisa iinkosi nobukhosi bonxweme olusembindini nolusemazantsi, nto leyo ebonakala iyintsika xa ithelekiswa neChimús yasemntla kunye namaInca aseCuzco apho akhoyo. indawo abayisebenzisileyo phezu kolwandle iyongezwa.
Ngokunjalo, abemi beli nkcubeko baye bathimba izinto zenkcubeko ukuba, nangona babonisa imprint yabo, ayikwazanga nangona kunjalo ukukhululwa kwimpembelelo yezinyanya zabo ezifana neParacas, iNazcas kunye neWaris ngokwabo.
Ngazo zonke ezi zinto, abahlali benkcubeko yaseChincha baye basebenzisa i-preponderance yabo yezopolitiko kwezi ndawo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini.
I-Architecture
Babengengabo abavelisi bezixeko ezikhulu kwaye ulwakhiwo lwabo lubonakaliswa kwiitempile, amabhotwe kunye neenqaba abazakha nge-adobe kunye nezitena. Basebenzisa ubuchule be-stucco, behombisa iindonga ngeentloko zeentlanzi, ii-gannet kunye nezinye iintaka zaselwandle. Engqonge ezi zakhiwo, bamisa izindlu zeemethi neengcongolo apho uninzi lwabemi lwaluhlala khona.
Iiceramics
I-huacos yenziwe ngodongwe olubomvu, kunye nemihlobiso ebusweni babo kunye neepatheni zejometri kunye nemifanekiso ye-humanoid esekelwe kwi-stylized yezilwanyana, iintaka kunye neentlanzi. Imibala esetyenzisiweyo ibimnyama, imhlophe, ingwevu, ikhrimu kunye nebomvu.
Le ngqayi yodongwe ibonisa impembelelo ethile yeWari kodwa kwangaxeshanye ibonakalisa ubungangamsha bayo ngokujongwa kweglowubhu yomzimba kunye nentamo ende edityaniswe zizibambo ezidibeneyo.
urhwebo kunye nokuhamba
Eqhutywa luqoqosho olukhulayo, le nkcubeko yawela ulwandle kwii-rafts ezinkulu, ukulawula ukufikelela kwichweba langoku laseValdivia (eChile).
Ngaloo ndlela, babeqhelisela uhlobo oluthile lwezorhwebo ababenenkqubo yalo yokulinganisa, imilinganiselo nezikali, ngendlela yokuba babenaniselana ngeemveliso zabo zeengcibi zegolide, amalaphu, ukuchwela kwanentlanzi eyomisiweyo, ukuze banisele abanye ukuba babe kukutya kwabo okanye ukutya kwabo. uphuhliso.
Ubungcwele bakhe benkolo yayinguChinchaycámac kunye nekomkhulu lakhe isixeko saseChincha, njengenkokeli yokugqibela yale nkcubeko yaseGuavia Rucana, ngexesha lokwandiswa kwe-Inca, bahlaselwa kwaye bajoyina iTahuantinsuyo.
Abarhwebi baseChincha
AbakwaChincha babengabarhwebi abangaqhelekanga ngakunxweme lwasePeru. Iingxelo zixelela ukuba eChincha kwakukho inani elikhulu labarhwebi ababerhweba ngaselunxwemeni besebenzisa ama-raft.
Umbhali-mbali uMaría Rostworowski uthi aba barhwebi bafika kummandla waseManta e-Ecuador, apho bafumana eyona spondylus okanye imullu exabisekileyo. Kwakukho urhwebo lomhlaba kunye ne-llamas kunye nabagcini-masango abafika eCusco naseCallao apho i-mullu yatshintshwa nge-tin-copper.
Kukholelwa ukuba xa ii-Inca zoyisa amaChincha, amandla awo orhwebo ehla, ngelixa egcina ukubaluleka kwawo. Kangangokuba ngexesha lokubanjwa kwe-Atahualpa eCajamarca, umntu kuphela ohanjiswe kwi-litter, ngaphandle kwe-Inca, wayeya kuba yinkosi yaseChincha i-Inca eyayimjonga njengomhlobo wakhe.
UTumba
Amangcwaba aqokelelweyo ayaziwa, afana nalawo avunjululwa e-Uchuglla, e-Ica, eyenziwe ngamangcwaba angaphantsi komhlaba angamaxande aneendonga ze-adobe kunye nophahla lwengca oluxhaswe ngamaplanga; yenziwe ngezigodo.
Ngaphakathi, iipakethe ezininzi zifakwe, kunye nenani elikhulu leminikelo ebandakanya izinto zegolide, isilivere, i-ceramics, umthi oqingqiweyo, njl. La mangcwaba ahambelana namanani aphezulu entlalontle.
Ingcwaba elafunyanwa e-Uchuglla lalinamathelo okanye isakhelo seziqu ze-huarango ezinemifanekiso yezilwanyana ezikrolwe ngokukhululeka njengophahla.
Ukuba ulifumene linomdla eli nqaku, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: