Ukutyhubela amawaka eminyaka impucuko eyahlukeneyo iye yakhetha imihlaba eyamkelekileyo yento namhlanje eyenza iSebe leValle del Cauca, ukuphuhlisa indlela yabo yokuphila kunye nenkcubeko yabo, ezi ndlela zahlukeneyo zokubona ubomi yiyona nto eyenza Inkcubeko yaseCalima esiza kuyibona ngokweenkcukacha apha.
Inkcubeko yaseCalima
Inkcubeko yeCalima ligama eliqhelekileyo elinikwe iqela leenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiintlambo zemilambo yaseSan Juan, umlambo waseDagua kunye nomlambo waseCalima kwisebe langoku leValle del Cauca kwintshona yeColombia, lo mmandla uquka into eyaziwayo namhlanje. njengoomasipala baseRestrepo, eCalima Darién kunye, ngokuyinxenye, iYotoco kunye neVijes, eyahlula iinduli zayo ezithambileyo, ubuninzi bayo bamanzi kunye nemozulu epholileyo.
Ezi nkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezenza inkcubeko yeCalima yahlala kule ndawo malunga nomnyaka we-1600 BC ukuya kwi-200 yenkulungwane ye-AD, kodwa ayizange iyenze ngaxeshanye. Uphando lwamva nje lwe-archaeological e-Colombia luphakamisa iinkcubeko ezintathu okanye izigaba ezithathu eziye zahlulwa njenge-Ilama, ukusuka kunyaka we-100 ukuya kwi-100 okanye i-200 BC; iYotoco ukusuka kunyaka 200 BC ukuya kunyaka 200 AD kunye Sonso, ukususela ngonyaka 200 AD, eminye imithombo ibandakanya Malagana Culture: ukusuka kunyaka XNUMX BC ukuya kunyaka XNUMX AD.
Indawo yejografi
Iindawo zakudala zenkcubeko yaseCalima zifunyenwe kwindawo ephakathi kweentaba zasempumalanga. I-Cordillera yinqaba yendalo eyahlula i-Pacific kunye ne-Andes kwimimandla yase-Colombia, kwaye likhaya kwi-Lake Calima eyaziwayo kunye ne-Calima Summit. Ukuphakama ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle kulo mmandla kuyahluka ukusuka kwi-1.2 ukuya kwi-1.5 km. Iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezenza inkcubeko yeCalima zazisentshona yeCordillera yeeAndes kuMzantsi-ntshona waseColombia eValle del Cauca, kwindawo ephakamileyo yeemitha ezili-1.500 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.
Historia
Igama elithi inkcubeko yeCalima libhekisela kwiindawo zokuhlala eziye zahlala kulo mmandla ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC Kuyabonakala ukuba, lo mmandla ubumiwe ukususela ekuqaleni kweHolocene, malunga nenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC Ngaloo ndlela, iNkcubeko yaseCalima ihambelana nexesha lokusekwa koBukhosi. ubalo-maxesha lwelizwekazi laseMelika. Le nkcubeko yanyamalala ngaphambi kokufika kwabanqobi. Kukho ukufana kunye neenkcubeko zangaphambili zommandla: i-Ilama kunye neYotoco.
Kuyaziwa ukuba abameli benkcubeko yaseCalima bathetha ulwimi lwentsapho yaseCaribbean edibene nePanches kunye neMuzos. Igama lale dolophu alaziwa. Iziko lale nkcubeko lalikummandla woomasipala banamhlanje baseDarién naseRestrepo. Ukubonakala kweekeramics kunye nobucwebe buqala malunga neshumi elinesihlanu ukuya kwishumi elinesithandathu leenkulungwane. Ngendlela yobomi, abameli benkcubeko yaseCalima ekuqaleni babengabazingeli kunye nabaqokeleli.
Izigaba zeNkcubeko yaseCalima
Imbali yenkcubeko yeCalima yahlulwe yangamaxesha amabini amakhulu: ixesha lokuqala lomzingeli: elokuqala nelelona nqanaba lakudala lathatha malunga namawaka amathandathu eminyaka; iinkcubeko kunye noluntu oluvelisa i-agrarian kunye ne-ceramic: ngeenjongo zokufunda yahlulwe yangamanqanaba amathathu: Ilama, iYotoco kunye neSonso; Ngenxa yokufunyanwa kwi-1992 ye-pre-Columbian Cemetery, eminye imithombo ibandakanya iNkcubeko yaseMalagana.
Ilama Culture
Inkcubeko ye-Ilama yinkcubeko yakudala ebekwe kwindawo yeKholombiya yanamhlanje, isebe leValle del Cauca, kwiintlambo zaseCalima (umasipala waseDarién) kunye ne-El Dorado (umasipala waseRestrepo). Ngokutsho kwedatha ye-archaeological, yayikhona kwi-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMXst yenkulungwane ye-BC kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe yavela kwinkcubeko yaseYotoco, eyayikho kwi-XNUMXst ukuya kwi-XNUMX. Inkcubeko ye-Ilama yanda ukuya ngasentla yada yafikelela apho namhlanje abantu baseBelén de Umbría kwaye ukuya ngasezantsi koomasipala bangoku baseLa Cumbre nasePavas.
Malunga nonyaka we-XNUMX BC kwingingqi yoMlambo iCalima, kwavela uluntu lobuhlanga apho kwavela khona inkcubeko yama-Ilama. Ukufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala, ngoku ezithathwa njengezinxulumene nenkcubeko ye-Ilama, ngaphambili kwakubizwa ngokuba "yinkcubeko yeCalima yokuqala".
I-acidity yomhlaba ithintele iintsalela ze-skeletal zabemi baseCalima ukuba zigcinwe, yingakho abavubukuli basekela amabango abo kwizinto ezenziwe nge-ceramics ezifunyenwe kwi-deposit El Topacio kunye ne-El Pital kunye ne-alcarrazas, iziqwenga ze-ceramic ezenziwe ngodongwe. .ezinemingxuma, ezithengwe yiBogotá Gold Museum kubaphangi.
Ndiyabulela ekufundeni kwezi zinto, kwagqitywa ukuba amalungu oluntu lwe-Ilama akha amakhaya abo phezu kweenduli ezikufutshane neentlambo kunye nemithombo yamanzi, kwiidolophana ezingaphezulu okanye ezingaphantsi kunye nezizinzileyo.
Isiseko sokuziphilisa senkcubeko ye-Ilama yayiyeyezolimo ikakhulu kwaye, ukuya kwinqanaba elingaphantsi kodwa okungancinci, ukuloba kunye nokuzingela. Ulimo lwama-ilamas lwalusekwe kwindlela yokutshintsha ukulima, balima umhlaba wade waphela izondlo zawo zaza zafudukela kwezinye iindawo. Ezona zityalo zazixhaphakile yayingumbona, icassava, iimbotyi nemifuno.
Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo we-ilamas wawubumbi, benza izitya ezine-anthropomorphic okanye i-zoomorphic shapes. I-Ceramics yayihonjiswe nge-notching, appliqué, okanye ukupeyinta. Iipeyinti ezisetyenzisiweyo bezizezezityalo kwaye imibala yazo ibibomvu kwaye imnyama kwaye kunye nemotifs ngokubanzi zineepateni zejiyometri ziphawuliwe.
Ii-ilamas zazinolwazi olusisiseko lwesiseko, ukukhamba, ukubethela, ukukrola isiqabu kwimisebenzi yazo yesinyithi. Basebenza ngegolide kunye nobhedu kunye ne-alloys yezi ntsimbi zimbini ukwenza amakhonkco empumlo, iintsimbi zomqala, iipectoral, kunye neemaski ababezisebenzisa kwizithethe zabo.
Inyani yokuba ii-ilamas zenza ezolimo ze-semi-nomadic, ubumba kunye nokuveliswa kwesinyithi kubonisa umbutho othile wentlalontle, ngoko kulandela ukuba ukongeza kumafama, ababumbi kunye nee-metallurgists, umbutho wabo wawunazo iinkosi, ama-shamans, amajoni, njl.
Inkcubeko Yotoco
Inkcubeko yaseYotoco yenye yezinto ezintathu ezenza inkcubeko yaseCalima, bahlala kwiintlambo zaseCalima nase-El Dorado kummandla namhlanje ongowesebe leValle del Cauca. I-Yotocos ithathwa njengeendlalifa zenkcubeko ye-Ilama eyandulelayo kwintsimi enye phakathi kwe-1500 BC kunye nonyaka we-zero.
Kucingelwa ukuba inkcubeko yeYotoco yayikhona ukusuka kwinkulungwane yokuqala ukuya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, ngokwezinto zakudala ezifunyenwe kwimimandla ehlala abantu bangoku baseBitaco, Tragedias, Dagua, Bolívar kunye neBuga. Izinto zakudala eziye zanika ulwazi malunga nobukho benkcubeko yaseYotoco zenziwe ngezinto ezininzi ezenziwe ngeseramics, amalaphu, kunye neemveliso zesinyithi.
Abemi baseYotoco babehlala kwiindawo ezincinci zabantu kunye neelali kwiindawo ezifanayo ezazihlala ookhokho babo, ii-Ilamas, kwaye njengabo, bakha amakhaya abo phezu kweenduli apho bathe batyabeka umhlaba ukuze benze amathafa.
Emva kokufika kwezinye izizwe kule ndawo, inani labantu baseYotoco laqala ukwehla malunga nenkulungwane yesithandathu emva koKrestu kwaye ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu yexesha lethu labe likhutshiwe ngokupheleleyo kwiinduli yinkcubeko yakwaSonso. Ukuhla kwiingqungquthela, inkcubeko yaseYotoco yamkelwa zezinye iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo de yanyamalala ngokupheleleyo.
Ngokusebenzisa ubuchule bezinto zakudala, kuye kwaziwa ukuba iYotoco ibiziqhelanisa nolimo olunzima lwezityalo ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwazo kwakukho umbona, iimbotyi, icassava, iarracacha, i-achiote kunye ne-auyama. Kwiindawo ezisezantsi zommandla wabo ezithanda ukukhukula, basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zomjelo oquka imisele kunye neenduli kwaye mhlawumbi zisebenzisa izichumisi eziphilayo.
Ubuchwephesha beeYotocos bubalasele kakhulu njengoko kwakunjalo ngaphambili kwabo i-Ilama. Ngokubanzi, imisebenzi yabo yayiquka izitya, iimbiza, i-funerary urns, i-pitchers, iipleyiti, iikomityi kunye ne-alcarrazas, ezihlotshiswe nge-zoomorphic anthropomorphic motifs kunye noyilo lwejometri, ezisetyenziswe kusetyenziswa ubuchule obufana ne-Ilama kunye neenotshi, izicelo okanye imizobo. I-Yotoco isebenzise iinotshi rhoqo kwaye imizobo kaninzi kune-Ilama, nangona inokuba nemibala enye, imibini enemibala, okanye enemibala emininzi.
I-Yotoco metallurgy kukuqhubela phambili ngokuthe ngqo kobugcisa besinyithi benkcubeko ye-Ilama. Ii-metallurgists zenkcubeko yaseYotoco zazizi kakuhle ukusetyenzwa kwesinyithi kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuphosa. Obona bugcisa buphambili yayiyi-hammering kunye ne-embossing.
Phakathi kwezinto ezifunyenweyo kukho izinto zegolide, ubukhulu becala: i-tiara, imisesane yempumlo, amacici, ii-ankle, ii-pectoral, izacholo, iipendenti, iimaski kunye nezinye ezininzi. Itekhnoloji yokubumba i-Fusion isebenzisa imifuziselo yewax yasetyenziswa ukwenza iibrotshi ezintsonkothileyo kunye nemaski. Ubuchule begranulation babusetyenziselwa ukwenza iirosari zepyrite, imisesane kunye nezibuko.
Imimandla eyahlukeneyo yeYotoco yadityaniswa luthungelwano olubanzi lweendlela. Oku kubonisa ukubaluleka kotshintshiselwano kunye norhwebo phakathi kwenkcubeko yaseYotoco kunye nezinye iinkcubeko zasekuhlaleni. Ububanzi beendlela zahluka phakathi kweemitha ezisibhozo kunye neemitha ezilishumi elinesithandathu.
Inkcubeko yaseYotoco ngokucacileyo yayintsonkothe kakhulu kunenkcubeko ye-Ilama eyayingaphambi kwabo ngokwendlela yentlalontle yayo. Kwakukho ulungelelwaniso olunzulu loluntu, iziko labalawuli beelali. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo kunye nezinga eliphezulu lezinto zomdongwe kunye nobugcisa besinyithi kubonisa ukuba kukho iingcali kunye neengcali kuluntu lwaseYotoco. I-elite yenziwe nge-caciques, i-shamans kunye namaqhawe.
Inkcubeko kaSonso
Inkcubeko kaSonso yohlulwe ngokwenkcubeko kaSonso yamandulo kunye nenkcubeko kaSonso ongasekhoyo. Inkcubeko ye-Sonso yahlala kunye nenkcubeko yeYotoco kwiindonga ezisemantla nakumazantsi oMlambo iCalima, ukuqala eNtshona Cordillera ukuya kutsho emlonyeni woMlambo iSan Juan, ehlala kwingingqi namhlanje ehlala oomasipala bangoku baseLa Cumbre. , iPavas kunye neBitaco kunye neValle del Río Cauca, ukusuka eAmaime ukuya eRío La Vieja. Lo msebenzi wanda malunga nonyaka wamakhulu amahlanu ukuya kunyaka wewaka.
Ngeli xesha ukwakhiwa kweenduli kwiindawo ezikhukulayo kwiintlambo ziye zashiywa, kugxininisa ukusetyenziswa kwethambeka kunye nokwakhiwa kwee-terraces zezindlu, kulo mba abemi beli xesha bavelele kungekuphela nje ubuninzi kodwa isikhumbuzo semisebenzi emikhulu yomhlaba.
Utshintsho olukhulu kwimilo yokungcwaba, kunye namagumbi amakhulu kubunzulu beemitha ezintlanu ukuya kweshumi elinesihlanu kunye nokukhukula kwamanye amangcwaba avumela ukugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo, i-sarcophagi, izihlalo, i-raft, ifotsholo, imikhonto, i-thrusters kunye ne-darts.
Ummandla weeseramics nawo wenze utshintsho olubalulekileyo, iinqanawa zenkcubeko ye-Sonso zineprofayili ezingaqhelekanga ezichasene nemigca emihle yeenkcubeko zangaphambili. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-Zoomorphic ngeli xesha yayingengomxholo ophambili wokuhombisa njengakwixesha elidlulileyo. Ukubonakaliswa kwezibalo ze-anthropomorphic nazo zitshintshile, kwinkcubeko ye-Sonso amanani abantu abonisa impumlo evelele ngendandatho yempumlo, amehlo anikezelwe kwisitayela "sebhontshisi yekhofi" ngaphandle kokunika ukubaluleka emlonyeni.
I-Metallurgy ithintelwe kwizinto ezincinci zokuhombisa ezifana neringi yempumlo ye-penannular, i-twist kunye ne-spiral earmuffs. I-delicacy ye-sheet e-embossed ithathelwe indawo yi-heavy rigidity usebenzisa i-alloy yegolide yobhedu e-brittle kakhulu.
Inkcubeko yaseMalagan
Ngowe-1992, eHacienda Malagana, kwafunyanwa ngempazamo i-trousseaus yegolide kunye ne-ceramic, emva kokufunyanwa kwazo, le ndawo yaba lixhoba labaphangi kunye nee-guaqueros ezaziqhuba urhwebo olungekho mthethweni lwezinto zakudala. IZiko leSizwe le-Archaeology kunye neMbali yaseColombia lityumbe ikhomishini yokuhlangula elawulwa yi-archaeologist uMarianne Cardale, le khomishini yaseka i-complex yenkcubeko engaziwayo abayibiza ngokuba nguMalagana Sonso.
Kwifama yaseMalagana ekufuphi nomlambo iBolo kumasipala wasePalmira eValle del Cauca umsebenzi uwele kumngxunya omkhulu netrektara yakhe xa kudilika umhlaba ebehamba kuwo. wafumana izinto zegolide. Ngengozi wafumanisa indawo yokungcwaba engaphantsi komhlaba (hypogeum). Umsebenzi wathengisa ezinye zezi zinto, nto leyo eyathi yatsala ingqalelo yaye kungekudala umhlaba wahlaselwa ngabaphangi neeguaqueros.
Ihlokondiba labaphangi, abanye baqikelela ukuba lingaphezu kwamawaka amahlanu abantu, latsalela ingqalelo yamajelo eendaba nabasemagunyeni. Kwakungekho nto ingako eyayinokwenziwa ngamapolisa nomkhosi ukunqanda ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwengcwaba elidala. Kuqikelelwa ukuba iyonke into ephangiweyo kwesi siza idlula ikhulu elinamashumi asibhozo eekhilo. Ngowe-1992 iMuseo de Oro yaseBogotá yafumana i-assortment enomtsalane yezinto zegolide ezenziwe ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba umthombo wezinto zakudala wawuyiHacienda Malagana.
NgoMatshi wonyaka we-1993, kusekho ii<em>guaqueros, abembi bezinto zakudala bazama ukwenza uphando kwiMalagana hacienda kodwa emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa kwafuneka basishiye eso siza. Nangona ixesha elincinci, abembi bezinto zakudala bakwazi ukuhlolisisa amangcwaba amathathu kwaye bajonge i-stratigraphy yendawo, ebonisa irekhodi lokuhlala ixesha elide. Abaphandi bafumene amaso egolide kunye neentsalela zekeramic ezazingahoywa ngabaphangi.
I-radiocarbon dating yentsalela efunyenwe ngaphakathi kwizikhongozeli inike umhla oqikelelwayo wamashumi asixhenxe dibanisa okanye thabatha amashumi amathandathu emva koKrestu. Emva kokuba indawo ekugqibeleni ishiywe ngabazingeli bobuncwane, iProjekthi ye-Archaeological ye-Malagana yaqalwa ngo-1994.
Le projekthi yophando yayiphantsi koxanduva lwe-Archaeological Museum ye-Universidad del Valle, i-Colombian Institute of Archaeology, i-ICAN, kunye ne-Vallecaucano Institute of Scientific Research, INCIVA. Iqela lophando lenziwe ngabavubukuli, i-anthropologists, i-edafologists (iingcali zomhlaba) kunye ne-palynologists (abaphengululi be-pollen). Eli qela licwangcise ukugrumba malunga newaka leemitha ezikwemitha ukujikeleza ukuze lifumane ezinye iimpawu ezingqina ubukho bendawo yokuhlala yakudala.
Oku kugrunjwa kuveze istratigraphy ende nentsonkothileyo yokungcwatywa kweshumi elinesixhenxe, amaxesha amane okusebenza, kunye nemihla eyongezelelweyo yeradiocarbon. Amaxesha omsebenzi abhalwe kwikhathalogu, elona xesha lokuqala njenge "Proto Ilama" kunye nelokugqibela njenge-Ilama, iMalagana kunye noSonso. Enkosi kolu phando kwafunyaniswa ukuba inkcubeko eyahluke ngokupheleleyo yaphuhliswa ngexesha leMalagana.
Abaphandi basebenza ngokugrumba kwamaxesha amabini onyaka, ukususela ekupheleni kuka-1994 ukuya ekuqaleni kuka-1995. Emva kokuhlalutya iisampulu abaziqokeleleyo, ezihambelana kakhulu neziqwenga ze-ceramic, ekubeni izinto zegolide zazikhethwa ekuphangeni, iminyaka emithathu, kukho umbono. yenkcubeko eyayihlala kuloo ndawo. Ukusuka kwi-iconography kwizinto, kunokufunyaniswa ukuba bekukho utshintshiselwano lwezorhwebo olubhekiselele kwimimandla esemazantsi ukuya kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yiSan Agustín kunye neTierradentro, kwaye ukuya ngasempuma ukuya kuthi ga ngoku iTolima neQuimbaya.
Iintsalela zamatye aqingqiweyo (i-lithics), amathambo ezilwanyana, iintsalela zamathambo omntu, i-pollen ye-fossil kunye nezinye izinto zazibalulekile kumsebenzi wokuvuselela ixesha elidlulileyo. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezi zinto zifunyenweyo kukukwazi ukumisela ngokulandelelanayo uphuhliso lwembali kunye nenkcubeko yempucuko eyayihlala kwingingqi yeValle del Cauca kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini eyandulela ukufika kweSpanish.
Umembi wezinto zakudala uCarlos Armando Rodríguez, umlawuli we-Archaeological Museum ye-Universidad del Valle kunye no-co-director weProjekthi, ubonisa ngokwezifundo zakhe "Inkcubeko yokuqala eyayikho yayiyinkcubeko ye-Ilama, ilandelwa yileyo ibekwe kwicandelo laseMalagana kunye eyokugqibela ihambelana neNkcubeko yeBolo Quebradaseca, eyayiye yadibana nabanqobi baseSpain».
Uphando alugqibekanga malunga nokugqiba ukuba iintsalela ezifunyenwe kwi-Malagana hacienda yinkcubeko eyahlukileyo, njengoko abanye abaphengululi begcina ukuba kukho ukufana okuninzi kunye nenkcubeko yaseYotoco, ngoko mhlawumbi inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengeyantlukwano yengingqi yale nkcubeko.
Imingeni efunyenwe kwimingcwabo elishumi elinambini yangaphambi kwe-Columbian inike ulwazi oluninzi kubaphandi abanokuthi bagqibe ngesondo, ubudala, ukutya kunye nezifo ezithwaxwa ngabantu bakudala balo mmandla. Abaphandi baye bakwazi ukugqiba kwiisampuli ezihlalutyiweyo ukuba ukutya kwabantu kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweprotheni yezilwanyana kunye neprotheni yemifuno.
Iintsalela zazinokufunyanwa njengezezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezincinci ezinje nge curies, imivundla kunye nezinja kuba ngelo xesha, inja yayifuywa ukuze isebenze njengokutya. Kufunyenwe iziganeko eziphezulu ze-caries zamazinyo, apho izazinzulu zibhekisela ekusetyenzisweni kweeshukela ezivela kwi-carbohydrates, ngoko ke ukubaluleka okukhulu kwengqolowa yokutya kwiinkcubeko zangaphambi kwe-Columbian kufunyenwe, ngokutsho kwe-archaeologist uCarlos Armando Rodríguez.
Ukunxiba kwamazinyo kuhambelana noko kuveliswa kukuhlafuna amagqabi ecoca. Ubukho phakathi kwabemi bezifo ezifana nesifo samathambo kwamiselwa. Ngokusebenzisa i-pollen yefosili efunyenwe kwindawo, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuba nomfanekiso opheleleyo wendawo apho le nkcubeko yaphuhliswa. Ngoku kube nokwenzeka ukwenza ingqokelela epheleleyo yeentlobo zezityalo ezazikho ngaphezu kweminyaka engamawaka amabini eyadlulayo kwaye zazisetyenziswa ngabemi bezi dolophu.
Phakathi kwezi zityalo, iintende eziye zasetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi zigqama kakhulu. Isiqu sawo sasisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu, amagqabi awo asetyenziselwa ukufulela kwaye iziqhamo zawo zazityiwa njengokutya.
Umsebenzi owenziwe zizazinzulu wawucokisekile. Ngezinto eziphathekayo zezinto ze-ceramic, abaphandi baqhuba izifundo ze-paste, ukubunjwa kwayo kunye nobuchule bokuvelisa. Umsebenzi uqala ngokuqhekeza isiqwenga sibe ngamacandelo amancinci kakhulu ukuze sikwazi ukwenza uhlalutyo olunzulu phantsi kwe-microscope kwaye ngaloo ndlela sinqume ukuba zeziphi izinto ezongeziweyo kudongwe ukuze zithintele ukuba zingaphumi ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu kokudubula.
Ngolu hlalutyo kwakhona kwakunokwenzeka ukumisela umbala wokuncamathisela ekubeni oku kulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu ukususela ekusebenziseni itafile esetyenziswa ngabo bonke abembi bezinto zakudala kwihlabathi jikelele, ubushushu bokupheka bunokumiselwa kwaye ngaloo ndlela buchonge ukuba ukucaciswa kwayo. zaziziOveni ezisetyenziswayo okanye azisetyenziswanga.
Ekubeni izinto eziqokelelweyo zaphulwa kwaye zihlakazekile, omnye owona msebenzi unzima kunye nobalulekileyo wawukukwakhiwa kwakhona kweziqwenga ukumisela imilo yeekeramics. Umembi wezinto zakudala uRodríguez uthi: “Inkcubeko ibonakaliswa ngokuzoba iziqwenga esinokuthi zingqamane nazo. Ngombulelo wabo onzima kunye nokuzinikela kwabo, abavubukuli banokusinika inkcazo yesimo sophuhliso lwendawo yokuhlala efunyenwe kwiMalagana hacienda.
Ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okubangelwa yi-guaqueros kunye nabaphangi bendawo, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukukhangela uphando lwazo kwaye ngaloo ndlela zisinika ulwazi oluninzi malunga nezinyanya zangaphambili zase-Columbian. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthandabuza kusala ukuba olunye ulwazi okanye imiyalezo yafihlwa zezinye izinto ezingenakubandakanywa kuphando.
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