Ifumaneka kwiintlambo zemilambo emine ebalulekileyo iSinú, iSan Jorge, iMagdalena neNechí, Zenu Culture Yayingelo xesha lelinye lawona mazwe aguquke kakhulu eColombia. Funda iinkcukacha ezinomdla zale nkcubeko yamandulo yemveli!
Inkcubeko yamaZenu
Inkcubeko yeZenú okanye iSinú yinzalelwane yamazwe namhlanje ayinxalenye yesizwe saseColombia. Ummandla wayo wawumi kanye phakathi kweentlambo zemilambo yaseSinú kunye neSan Jorge kunye nonxweme lweCaribbean kufuphi neGulf of Morrosquillo, namhlanje eCórdoba naseSucre.
Unyango
Igama elithi Zenú libonakala linxulumene negama abantu bomthonyama bezi zizwe abalinika uMlambo iSinú. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphinda idibaniswe namagama ahlukeneyo abelwe imimandla apho lo mmandla wahlulwa ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu: iFizenú, iPanzenú neZenufana.
Ukongezwa kuyo yonke le nto, eyona ndawo ibalulekileyo nenabantu abahlala kule nkcubeko, ekufuphi nomthamo omkhulu wamanzi obizwa ngokuba ngumgxobhozo weBetancí eFizenú, owaziwa ngokuba yiZenú.
Ngelishwa, amaxwebhu abhalwe ngababhali bembali baseSpain benkulungwane ye-XNUMX awenzi naluphi na uhlobo lwesalathiso okanye inkcazo malunga nemvelaphi yegama lenkcubeko yamandulo, ngoko ke kunzima ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba ligama elityunjwe ngabaseYurophu okanye ukuba abantu bomthonyama ngokwenene bazibiza ngokuba ngamaZenúes.
Ngemihla emva kwe-1550, xa ama-Spaniards ahlala kwilizwekazi elitsha aqala ukuhanjiswa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwabantu bomthonyama kwi-encomiendas, umzobo okanye iziko elidibanisa ama-aborigines njengabasebenzi abangekho ngokuzithandela.
Kumaxwebhu ahlukeneyo olu hlobo lombutho, inkcubeko okanye isizwe aphuma kuso umthonyama akuchazwanga, kodwa babelwa igama leencomendero abanyanzelwa ukuba bamsebenzele. Uninzi lwezi dolophu zazizibiza ngegama lenkokeli okanye i-cacique ephethe ukuhambisa imbeko kubantu basemzini.
Imbali yenkcubeko yeZenu
Ubukho bayo busukela emva kowama-200 BC kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba phantse yonke into yanyamalala yayimalunga ne-1600 AD. Iingxelo zehlabathi elitsha ezibhalwe yiSpanish ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX zithetha kancinci kakhulu malunga nembali yenkcubeko yeZenú, nangona kunjalo, baye baphonononga ezo zisekho, amasiko abo, indawo, imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, njl.
AmaZenú enza imisebenzi emikhulu yolawulo lwamanzi, kodwa aye agqama ekuveliseni amaqhekeza egolide, awathi kamva angcwatywa nomfi aza atsala ingqalelo yabaninzi. Aba bantu basembindini wommandla weCaribbean Colombian, ephakathi kanye phakathi kwemilambo yaseSinú neSan Jorge, kangangamakhulu eminyaka, balibona ilifa labo linyamalala kwaye badelela ngokuphandle izithethe zabo.
Amangcwaba ale nkcubeko yamandulo aphangiwe kwaye iimpahla zabo zamangcwaba zabiwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngokudabukisayo amaZenú ayeqonda ukuba ookhokho babo nabangasekhoyo babeminxekile, kwakufuneka bazinyamekele, bengenazo izinto ezixabisekileyo ezaziluncedo kwindlela eya kwelinye ihlabathi.
Inkcubeko yayisele iyancipha ngaphambi kokubonakala kwabanqobi baseYurophu, kodwa ngenxa yobukho babo, yaphantse yanyamalala ngokupheleleyo.
Phambi koloyiso
Lo mmandla wommandla waseColombia wawuyindawo ephithizelayo apho kwakuhlala amaqela eentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kwimeko yoluntu lweZenú, lwahlulahlulwe lwaba ziinkosi ezilikhulu elinantathu, lwahlulwe lwaba ngamaphondo amathathu agcina ukutshintshiselana rhoqo, ngakumbi kwinkalo yezoqoqosho. Ezi yayizi:
- IFinzenu, ekwiindawo ezikuMlambo iSinu. La maqela aye agqama ekuchazeni iingobozi, iimethi nezinye izinto ezifanayo, nasekulukeni.
- I-Panzenú, uluntu oluhlala emhlabeni kuMlambo i-San Jorge, olujongene nokuvuna kunye nokuveliswa kokutya ngokubanzi.
- IZenufana, yayiliphondo elaliphakathi komlambo iCauca neNechí, ubukhulu becala ayezinikele kumsebenzi wokwenza igolide.
Emva koloyiso lwaseSpain
Ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-XV, ngokwengxelo yaseSpain, umbutho wezopolitiko weZenúes wawungekho, usinda kwii-cacicazgos ezimbini. Ngomnyaka we-1533, umnqobi uPedro de Heredia waseka isithuba esinqatyisiweyo saseCartagena de Indias. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kobuchule bonxweme olunamanzi anzulu kumazibuko eenqanawa, esi sixeko saqalisa ukuphumelela njengezibuko lamakhoboka kunye nesiseko soloyiso lweSpanish Crown kwiLizwe Elitsha.
Ukuba kufutshane kweZenú kwindawo enentsimbi enzulu kumbindi woMlambo iMagdalena kuMbindi Magdalena kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuba ibe lixhoba labaphangi. Olu luntu lwaba zii-encomindas kwaye malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX izixeko ezahlukeneyo ezisafumaneka kulo mmandla zakhiwa.
Kamva, malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, abavangeli basemazweni bafika, kwasekwa iifama zeenkomo kwaza kwagcinwa kuxhatshazwa ngokuqhubekayo ubuncwane bentsimi eyayingabemi bomthonyama.
- Uluntu lwentlambo yomlambo
I-Zenú ngaphambi koloyiso sele ifumene ukwehla kwabemi bayo, nangenxa yezizathu ezingenayo ingcaciso echanekileyo.
Olu luntu lwaluhlala kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwindawo ye-Ayapel, Montelíbano kunye ne-Betanci, ifunyenwe ngabanqobi ekuhloleni kwabo ngoMlambo waseSinú. Iphondo ngalinye ngexesha loloyiso lalineenkokeli zalo ezimiselweyo kunye nombutho wentlalontle:
- Intlambo yaseSinú yayibizwa ngokuba yiFizenú, ikomkhulu, iZenú: ilawulwa libhinqa elaziwa ngokuba nguTotó. Eyona ndawo ingcwele yayo ibalulekileyo kunye namangcwaba apho iintsalela zezihandiba zaziphumla eZenú, kufutshane nedama laseBetanci.
- IPanzenú, ekwindawo yaseSan Jorge, yayineAyapel njengekomkhulu kunye neziko lezopolitiko, umlawuli wayo wayesaziwa njengeYapel.
- IZenufana, ephakathi kweCauca neNechí, apho yayiveliswa khona igolide, yayilawulwa yiNutibar.
UNkosi uZenúfana wayethathwa njengomntu wasentsomini, owayelawula yonke indawo esezantsi yeCauca naseNechí, eququzelela yonke intsimi yaseGran Zenú kwizopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nenkolo.
Oku kwagcinwa ngaphambi nangexesha lokoyisa, kumiselwa imithetho nemimiselo eyayisebenza de yafunyanwa ngabantu basemzini waza uPedro de Heredia wahlasela isizwe sabo.
- Zenues kwiintaba zaseSan Jacinto
Amaqela omthonyama ale mimandla ayehlobene ngokusondeleyo kwimisebenzi yegolide, ukurhweba kunye nokuloba, ehlala kwiindawo zeentaba zeSan Jacinto kunye neendonga zoMlambo waseMagdalena, ngaphambi nangexesha lokunqoba.
Phakathi kweyona ntlukwano ibalulekileyo ngokubhekiselele kwiZenú yeendawo eziphantsi, kukusetyenziswa kweenduli zokungcwaba kunye namangcwaba. Umfi wabo wayephumle kwizikhongozeli ezinkulu ezingcwatywe phantsi komgangatho wamakhaya abo. Abakhandi begolide balo mmandla babesebenzisa ingxubevange yegolide, enobhedu oluninzi, kwizinto ezisetyenziselwa izinto ezinkulu neziqhelekileyo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo babenembonakalo yegolide nangona ubhedu, ngenxa yoko babephantsi kwenkqubo yokufudumeza imichiza, eyayinyibilikisa ubhedu phezu komhlaba kwaye ishiye iqhekeza legolide. Nangona kunjalo, lo mbala uthande ukuguga ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye isiqwenga sabonisa i-oxidized copper hue.
Phakathi kwezona ziqwenga ziqhelekileyo unokuzifumana: amacici asetyhula kunye ne-semicircular, amakhonkco kunye namacici, imifanekiso yabantu abanempahla enqabileyo, iintloko, iintsimbi kunye nezinye izidalwa ezivela kwizilwanyana zasendle. Imisebenzi yabo yaqhubeka nasemva koloyiso, nangona kunjalo, xa uhlanga lwabo lwafunyanwa lwaza lwahlaselwa, inxalenye enkulu yamaqhekeza yanyamalala, kunye nomsebenzi wegolide.
Ukwehla kwenkcubeko yeZenu
Ihlabathi le-Zenú yendalo yatshintshwa ngonaphakade xa abantu baseYurophu bokuqala bafika kwiinqanawa zabo ukuze bahlole lo nxweme olude. Kolu nxweme babona ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho izibuko elibalulekileyo kumazwe aseMerika nokuba nokwenzeka kobutyebi obungenakubalwa kumazwe abo.
Malunga nowe-1533, xa kwasekwayo isixeko saseCartagena de Indias, abantu baseYurophu babengenamathandabuzo ngabo bonke ubutyebi obusemva kwemingcwabo yemveli eyayisingise kummandla woMlambo iSinú. Balungiselela iihambo ezininzi zokuhlola, ezinjongo yazo iphambili yayikukuphangwa kweziduli zokungcwaba.
Ngokufika kwabemi baseYurophu kunye nokuhlasela kwesizwe saseZenú, ukulawulwa kommandla wabo kunye nommandla wezizwe kwakuyinyani, ephantsi kwerhafu egqithisileyo, eququzelelwe njengomsebenzi onyanzeliswayo wokusebenza ngenkani kunye nezifo ezaza nazo. ukusuka ngasentshona, abantu baseZenú bancipha ngendlela eyothusayo kwaye nayo yonke inkcubeko yabo yanyamalala.
Malunga ne-1773, uKumkani waseSpain wayalela ukuba malunga namashumi asibhozo anesithathu amawaka eehektare eSan Andrés de Sotavento ibe yindawo yokugcina iZenú, nangona kunjalo, oku kwanyamalala ngo-1905 ngomyalelo weNdibano yeSizwe yaseColombia.
Ukusukela ngoko, abemi bomthonyama abakhoyo bebelwela ukubuyiswa kwalo vimba, inkqubo eyaba nesiqhamo ngo-1990, xa iSan Andrés de Sotavento iphinda yabamba esi sihloko.
Nangona kunjalo, isibonelelo sasigubungela kuphela indawo yeehektare ezingamawaka alishumi, eyathi kamva yaba ngaphaya kwamashumi amabini amawaka, apho kukho abemi abamalunga namawaka angamashumi amathathu abasazama ukugcina izithethe zamandulo.
Ulwimi lwamaZenu
Aba bantu bamaIndiya aseMerika babethetha isiGuajiba okanye ulwimi lwaseGuamacó, ngoku inzala yabo isebenzisa iSpanish njengolwimi lwabo.
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1770, iGuamacó yayithethwa kwiindawo ezaziwa ngokuba yiCereté neAlto San. Nangona kunjalo, isithsaba saseSpain sakuthintela ukusetyenziswa kweelwimi ezahlukeneyo zemveli malunga ne-XNUMX, oku kungunobangela wokuphela kwayo ngokupheleleyo.
Kolu lwimi lwakudala, kuphela amagama ambalwa eendawo, izityalo, izilwanyana kunye namagama athile olwimi lwayo oluqhelekileyo lwaselunxwemeni-savanna. Ulwimi lwesithethe samaZenú emva koloyiso lwaseSpeyin lwaphela ngokuthe ngcembe, kangangokuba lwalugqalwa njengolwimi olungasekhoyo.
Noko ke, iSebe Lezenkcubeko laseColombia lithi ngoku kukho malunga ne-14% yabantu abathetha olu lwimi, yaye basengozini yokuphela ngokupheleleyo. Ngoku kukho iinkqubo kunye neeprojekthi ezijolise ekubuyiseleni esi lwimi.
Umbutho wentlalontle
Xa abanqobi baseSpain bafumanisa imihlaba yeZenú, bahlukana baba ngamaphondo amathathu okanye i-cacicazgos, iPanzenú kwindawo yaseSan Jorge, iZenúfana eHenchí kunye neentlambo zeCauca ezisezantsi, kunye neFizenú phakathi kunye neentlambo zeSinú ezisezantsi.
Uluntu lwalukhokelwa yi-cacique, indoda okanye ibhinqa. Oku kwakujongene nokulawula nokulawula uluntu lweZenú, kuzo zonke iindawo.
Nangona i-cacicazgo nganye inenkosi, nangona kunjalo, amaqela agcina ukutshintshiselana rhoqo, ngakumbi kwinkalo yezoqoqosho, kuba iimveliso zabanye zazifunwa ngabanye kwaye ngokutshintshiselana wonke umntu unokufumana oko akufunayo kwaye kungekhona ukuvelisa.
Iinkosi bezinoxanduva olwahlukeneyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi boluntu. Imisebenzi yezopolitiko, inkolo kunye nezoqoqosho, umzekelo: ukujezisa kunye nesohlwayo kwiimeko ezigunyazisayo, ukusombulula iingxaki kunye neengxabano zabemi, ukunika imvume yokutshata kwemitshato, njl.
Iilali zaseZenú zazinezindlu ezinkulu, ezilungeleleneyo nezicocekileyo. Zazakhelwe phezu kwamathala okanye amaqonga, ngaphezu komgangatho wamanzi. Xa enye yeenkokeli zabo yafayo, bangcwatywa kula masimu, imizimba yabo ihonjiswe ngokutyebileyo ngamatye anqabileyo kunye namaqhekeza egolide, ngokwesikhundla abakuso, ukuphakama kwesikhundla, ukunxiba okukhulu kunye nokuphakama kwenduli.
I-hierarchy i-matrilineal, oko kukuthi, inzala ichazwa ngumgca womama, kodwa kunye nemiba emininzi ixhomekeke kwaye ijikeleze indoda, umzekelo, iintsapho zihlala kwikhaya loyise. Ukuzalana kwakuvunyelwe, oko kukuthi, umtshato phakathi kwabantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo.
Abasetyhini kwinkcubeko yeZenu
Kule nkcubeko yamandulo, abafazi babenendima ebalulekileyo kuluntu, emele ukuzala, ubulumko kunye nentlonipho.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwiintetho zobugcisa akunzima ukufumana abalinganiswa ababhinqileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe ngodongwe, le mifanekiso yongezwa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziqokelelwe emangcwabeni, njengomfanekiso wokuchuma kwabantu kunye nomhlaba.
Ukubeka le mifanekiso mincinane emangcwabeni kwakunxulunyaniswa nokukhawula nokuzalwa ngokutsha, ngokuqinisekileyo kwelinye ihlabathi, njengembewu esemhlabeni ehlumayo ize ikhule.
Imisitho yomngcwabo ibalulekile kuluntu, ngoko ke, kuxhaphake kakhulu ukuba wonke umntu abekho esiza nomculo nomdaniso kulo msitho. Indunduma eyenziwe engcwabeni ngendlela engqukuva ngokuqhelekileyo izama ukuxelisa isibeleko sikamama, indawo apho ukukhulelwa kwenzeka khona, de kubeleka. Oku kuthweswe umthi ohonjiswe ngeentsimbi zegolide, ezibekwe kwisebe ngalinye.
Kwimingcwabo, amabhinqa namadoda anegunya ekuhlaleni ayesebenzisa izigcina-sifuba zegolide, umfuziselo wobudoda besini kunye nenqanaba lokumitha kwabasetyhini. Ukukhulelwa kunye nokuzalwa kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwinkcubeko yeZenú, yingakho abafazi babebaluleke kakhulu kwintlalontle kunye nezopolitiko zolu luntu.
Malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, xa aboyisi bayifumanayo iZenúes, elinye lamaphondo neziko lonqulo elaziwa ngokuba yiFinzenú lalikhokelwa nguToto, owayephethe inani elikhulu labahlali abakufutshane.
Qoqosho
Imihlaba ehlala iZenú yayinemithombo yamanzi ebaluleke kakhulu kulo lonke unxweme lweCaribbean, ngoko ke uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nenkcubeko yabo bahlala kunxweme lwalo lwaluthembisa, lubangela imisebenzi eyayibalulekile ukuze baphile. ukuloba.
IiZenues zaphuhlisa imisebenzi yoqoqosho eyahlukeneyo, begqama kweminye ngokukodwa. Enye yezona zinto ziphambili kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu zezolimo, ukukhulisa iimveliso ezisisiseko ekutyeni kwazo ezinje ngombona, itshilisi, icassava, iimbotyi, ithanga kunye neeyam. Phakathi kwezona ziqhamo zivunwayo nezisetyenziswa kakhulu yivatala, imelon, imango, icorozo, igwava kunye nesoursop.
Omnye wemisebenzi yezoqoqosho kwinkcubeko yeZenú kukuloba. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentlanzi, i-babilla okanye ingwenya kunye ne-hicotea turtle, yayizimveliso ezibalulekileyo kwikhaya ngalinye. Kwiindawo ezininzi, ufudo lwalusenziwa ngamanani amancinane.
Bakwabalasele ekulukeni nasekufakeni iibhaskithi, nto leyo ababeqinisekisa ukuba bayayigcina isivuno sohlobo oluthile lwemithi yesundu, ingca nemidiliya, eyayisikelwe ubugcisa bobugcisa kunye nomsebenzi wokwakha. Babebalasele ekwenzeni iziqwenga ezintle neziluncedo eziphothiweyo okanye ezilukwe ngemicu ethathwe kwizityalo. Iminqwazi, iibhaskithi kunye neebhaskithi, iifeni, iimethi, iingxowa, iivazi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, zazilukwe ukuze zisetyenziswe imihla ngemihla kunye nokutshintshiselana kwezorhwebo.
Okwangoku, ezi zinto zenziwe nge-arrow kunye ne-napa cane fibers, iziqwenga ezininzi zemifuziselo yamazwe ase-Colombia kwaye ezazalwa kwinkcubeko yamandulo ye-Zenú, zithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwimida. Umnqwazi wevueltiao, umzekelo, luphawu lwesizwe saseColombia, esifana nesavannah zeCaribbean, ngakumbi iCórdoba, iSucre kunye neBolívar.
Yenziwe ngefiber efunyenwe kwisundu sotolo lwemoba, isityalo esikwasetyenziselwa ukubiyela izindlu, ukwenza iintolo zokuloba kunye nanjengomhombiso. I-fiber ibekwe elangeni ukwenzela ukuba ilahlekelwe ngumswakama kwaye yome ngokupheleleyo, ijika umbala wekhrimu okhanyayo, phantse umhlophe.
Yakuba ifayibha yomile, iba mnyama ngodaka, ukuluka umnqwazi ngemibala emibini. Phakathi kweentlobo zendwangu sifumana okubizwa ngokuba yi-spider pints, isifuba sekhilikithi, njl. Ekuqaleni imicu yeephelo zemiphetho yomnqwazi yenziwe ngabantwana, ngaloo ndlela igalelo kumsebenzi kunye nokufunda isithethe. Kukho uluntu oluye lwagqama ngokulukwa kwee-hammocks ezinkulu nezimangalisayo, kwii-looms ezinkulu.
Kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala, ukuzingelwa kweempuku ezincinci ezaziwa ngokuba zii-picures okanye ii-sereques kunye neentaka zasemanzini ezifana ne-cormorant kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zeeturkeys zazisenziwa.
intsomi nenkolo
Iinkolelo zenkcubeko yeZenú zigxininisa, njengakwezinye iinkcubeko zangaphambili, kubantu abaphezulu, abadali be-cosmos, ihlabathi kunye nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Kule meko, uZenués womthonyama waqinisekisa ukuba ekuqaleni kwexesha yonke into yayizodwa, ithule kwaye ibanda, kwakukho izithixo ezimbini kuphela, ezibhekwa njengoothixo bomdali.
Le mizobo yobuthixo, abadali bayo yonke into esiyaziyo, kubandakanywa neZenúes zokuqala ezazihlala eGran Zenú, zazibizwa ngokuba yiMexion, zifana kakhulu neZenúes ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa zikhazimle kwaye zikhazimle, iqabane labo lalinguManexca, uthixokazi onebele elinye kuphela, elikhulu. ubuhle
Njengamasiko amaninzi amandulo, iZenú yomthonyama yayihlonela kwaye ihloniphe indalo kunye namandla ayo amakhulu. Babecinga ukuba ubomi basemhlabeni sisipho yaye ukufa kwakulindeleke ngaphandle koloyiko nangomoya olungileyo, kuba kubomi basemva kokufa umoya wawungenazimbopheleleko nomzimba wenyama yaye ngenxa yoko ubomi kwenye inqwelo-moya babuzolile yaye bumnandi.
Kwelinye icala, ukufa kwakuyisihloko esibaluleke kakhulu kunye nokugqithiswa kolu luntu, kwakubonwa njengomzuzu oqhelekileyo kubomi bawo nawuphi na umntu, ukuba nesiko lokuphakamisa ngemisitho efunekayo kunye nemibhiyozo, ngakumbi ukuqondisa. umphefumlo womfi..
Kwikhaya laseZenú kwakuqhelekile ukufumana uhlobo lwemezzanine okanye i-mezzanine eyenziwe ngomthi okanye iwattle ukuze kugcinwe ibhokisi ngokukhuselekileyo. Kwabaninzi kule mihla, into engaqhelekanga kunye nencinci engathandekiyo ukugcina i-drawer okanye i-urn ekhaya, kodwa le nto yayiyinxalenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla yeZenú, ekubeni kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuyifumana njengenxalenye yezinto zokuhombisa kunye nezinto zendlu.
Akunakwazi ukuba ukufa kunkqonkqoza nini emnyango, ngoko zilungiselele. Ibhokisi okanye ibhokisi yayicingelwa ukuba isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke kwaye yayibolekwa nabani na oyidingayo ngexesha lesidingo. Kakade ke, ibhokisi yomngcwabo kamva iya kwenziwa icace ngendlela efanayo naleyo yayifunyenwe ngemali-mboleko, njengophawu lwentlonelo nombulelo kwintsapho ebolekwe ngesisa.
Umntu oswelekileyo uya kufakwa ngaphakathi kwebhokisi, ahlaliswe kakuhle, evalwe amehlo nomlomo, ekubeni isigxina okanye isimbo somzimba esingafanelekanga sithetha ukuba umphefumlo uhlala ubhadula, usenokuthabatha ilungu lentsapho okanye uba sentlungwini ngenxa yento engekagqitywa okanye engafanelekanga eyenzeke kwindawo abahlala kuyo. kufutshane.
Ngomzimba obekwe ngokuchanekileyo kwi-drawer, izalamane zakhe zihamba naye malunga nendlu yakhe kunye neendawo ezikufutshane, ukuze akhumbule ezo ndawo kwaye "uthatha amanyathelo akhe kweli hlabathi". Lo mchamo udla ngokuthuthwa emagxeni abona bahlobo basondeleyo nezalamane, abathi emva kokuba bekhenketha kwikhaya lomfi, basiwe apho bebeya kungcwatyelwa khona.
Kamva ngokwamkelwa kweenkolelo zobuKristu kunye nokuxuba kwezi kunye neenkolelo zakudala, ngaphambi kokuya kwindawo yokungcwaba, bahamba ngecawa. Kwindlu kamfi, intsapho ibeka uhlobo lwesibingelelo, oluya kuhlotshiswa ngeentyatyambo, amakhandlela athile, iglasi yamanzi kunye nekotoni. Kuloo glasi kuthiwa, umoya womfi uya kusela amanzi kwiintsuku ezisithoba ze-novena, ukuvalelisa ngokuqinisekileyo kulo mhlaba.
Ukuthatha ibhokisi kwindawo yokungcwaba, imiqolo emibini iququzelelwe kunye nabancedisi, ixelisa indlela, wonke umntu uya kuthwala amakhandlela akhanyiswe ukuze oku kukhanya kuqinisekise umfi uhambo oluhle lokomoya, kufutshane nothixo uZenú, uTií.
Umntu uya kungcwatywa ngentloko yakhe ngasentshona, apho kuba mnyama, kunye nezinto zabo kunye neziqwenga zobugcisa ezihambelanayo. Umhlaba ofakwe kwibhokisi engaphakathi komngxuma uya kudityaniswa ngeentonga ezintathu zomthi ezaziwa ngokuba zii rammers. Kule meko, ii-rammers ezimbini zabasetyhini kunye ne-rammer enye yendoda iyafuneka, evelisa izandi ezinjenge-drum xa ibethelwa phantsi.
Esi sandi sikhatshwa ngamabinzana namagama anikezelwe kumfi okanye abhekisa kukufa. Kwangokunjalo, kukhatshwa ngumdaniso kwisingqi soko kubethwa, okugqalwa njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yomsitho, ekubeni ukufa kusisiqalo nje sobomi obutsha, ukuzalwa ngokutsha yaye kusisizathu sovuyo. Umzimba womntu oshonile uphumle kuyo yonke into eyayiphila kweli hlabathi kwaye umoya wakhe uphinda uzalwe kwenye indiza.
Isiko liyalela ukuba abo bamthweleyo bamngcwabe basele iziselo zesintu, njenge masato, chicha, ñeque okanye chirrinche. Wakuba uphelile umngcwabo wangcwatywa umfi, ukugqitywa okanye ukubonakala kwengcwaba kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba legunya okanye isikhundla somthonyama kwindawo abahlala kuyo, kuba ngokuxhomekeke ekubalulekeni kwabo okanye kwimigangatho yabo, isiphithiphithi okanye induli yomhlaba egquma umhlaba. idrowa iya kuba nesayizi ethile.
Ukuba inzalelwane yalapho yayiyi-cacique okanye ilungu elithile elibalulekileyo loluntu, induli yomhlaba yahluke ngokupheleleyo kuleyo yabemi abaqhelekileyo, kuba idla ngokuba nkulu kwaye ingaphezulu. I-Zenúes ikholelwa ukuba ukufa yinyaniso ephakanyisiweyo kunye nezithethe ezikhethekileyo kunye nemikhosi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Dispatch of the soul okanye i-novena. Le novena ibanjelwa kwikhaya lomfi, kunye nosapho, izihlobo kunye nabantu ababaziyo, kangangeentsuku ezilithoba.
Injongo yokwenza esi siko kukuxhasa izalamane ekufuneni induduzo yokulahlekelwa kwabo, ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo eya kubavumela ukuba bahlangabezane nokulila, umzekelo, ukwabelana ngokutya kunye neziselo ezifana nekhofi, masato, tapetusa kunye nechicha, ukongeza. ukuchitha ixesha phakathi kwemidlalo yamathuba kunye nentetho encinci.
Kwiinovenario abafazi badla ngokuthetha, amadoda adlale, abalise amabali, iintsomi, iintsomi neziqhulo kwaye abancinci ngokuqhelekileyo badlala kwaye bonwabe, ngelixa wonke umntu esitya kwaye esela oko akunikwayo. Kulisiko lokukhangela ixhwele, elijongene nokucela nokulamla umoya womfi, ukuze uhlambuluke ungene kwintaba engcwele. Ubusuku obusithoba bungumsebenzi onzima kwi-rezandero, de ikwazi ukuzisa umfi ngokuchanekileyo.
Ukubulela ngomsebenzi wabo, i-rezandero iya kuhanjelwa lusapho lomfi, baya kunikwa ukutya neziselo, kuba eli siko lenziwa kwiishedyuli ezintathu ekungafanele zitshintshwe. Iintsuku ziqhutywa ngokufika ngexesha yi-rezandero ngo-7:00 ebusuku, ngo-11:00 emva kwemini nange-2:00 kusasa.
Uluntu lusebenzisana nokutya kosapho lomfi ngezo ntsuku zisithoba, ezi ziquka icassava, iiyam, iibhanana kunye nekofu. Ukuthunyelwa okanye ukuhamba kakuhle komoya kwenzeka ngomhla wesithoba wokufa ezinzulwini zobusuku. I<em>rezandero iya kucengceleza imithandazo yayo ngoxa iphuma ize ihluthe isibingelelo esinobugocigoci endlwini. Ilungu ngalinye lentsapho liya kucima ikhandlela njengophawu lokuhamba komntu oshonile kweli hlabathi labaphilayo, ekugqibeleni yonke into ihlala ebumnyameni kwaye imithandazo echaphazelekayo ifundwa.
Iingcango zendlu zigcinwa zivulekile kwaye zicacile, ukuze umoya ushiye indawo. Abantu bomthonyama bayayingqina into yokuba nabani na ophazamisa ukuhamba komfi nangasiphi na isizathu usenokugula okanye asiwe kwelabafileyo ngumoya.
Zenu iteknoloji kunye nenkcubeko
Ngaphandle kokugcina ubume bentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho ngelo xesha, iZenú yayiphawulwa ngokuba yinkcubeko ehambele phambili ngokufanelekileyo. Amagcisa kunye neenjineli ezibalaseleyo, njengoko zichazwa ziingcali ezininzi kulo mmandla, nangona kunjalo ziye zavelisa izinto ezintsha kwaye zisebenza kakuhle kwezinye iindawo. Ngezantsi ungafumanisa uninzi lwezakhono zakhe:
Ubunjineli bamachiza
Intliziyo yomhlaba wabo yayiyimveliso ye-delta yobukho bemilambo emine, iSan Jorge, iSinú, iCauca neMagdalena, eyayineempawu ezikhethekileyo zokukhukula rhoqo ngexesha lemvula. Inkcubeko yeZenú ibonise isakhono esikhulu kulwakhiwo, ulawulo nolawulo lweenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ezahlukeneyo.
AbakwaZenú baba ziingcaphephe ekuyileni nasekwakheni imisele yokulawula izikhukula. Bakha inkqubo echubekileyo nesebenzayo, ekwaziyo ukuzisa amanzi ngaphezu kweehektare ezingamakhulu amathandathu amawaka ngaphezulu kweminyaka eliwaka. Umhlaba oshiywe emva kokugrunjwa imisele wawusetyenziselwa ukwakha imisele apho kwakukho izindlu kunye neefama.
Le nethiwekhi ebonakalayo yomhlaba kunye namanzi, apho ubomi bemihla ngemihla yenzeka khona, yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yeZenu ehlala ibonakaliswa kuyilo lwezinto ezizenzileyo. Le uthungelwano imijelo yakhiwe yi Zenúes yayibanzi kwaye yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ukulawula ukukhukula rhoqo imilambo, eqondisa ukugqithisa kwamanzi abo kwiindawo zendalo, ukuthatha ithuba lentlenga kule, ukuphumeza uthungelwano oluchukumisayo nolusebenzayo lonxibelelwano lomlambo.
Ukugrunjwa kwemijelo emikhulu kwaqinisekisa ngakumbi ukuba ngamaxesha eemvula, amanzi aqukuqela ngokuthe ngcembe kwimisinga yomlambo. Umhlaba ogqithisileyo obangelwe kokugrumba wasetyenziselwa ukwenza iitesi eziphakamileyo, apho ulimo lwalusenziwa unyaka wonke.
Njengoko unokufumanisa, le nkqubo yavumela iZenú ukuba isebenzise kangcono iindawo, iphinde ithathe indawo eyayishiywe ngaphambili zizikhukhula kunye nokunyuka kwamanzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kule mijelo iintlobo ezininzi zeentlobo zasemanzini zikhula, iifudo, ii-caimans kunye ne-caimans, ngaphezu kweentlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi, ezazingumthombo obalulekileyo wokutya kuluntu.
Le ndlela ikrelekrele yokuxhaphaza umhlaba wabo, ibavumela ukuba bahlale baze batyale kumhlaba owathi, ngenxa yezikhukula, wawungayifanelanga loo njongo, yabanika iwonga elibafaneleyo lobunjineli be<em>hydraulic bexesha labo.
Amasimi apho izityalo zecassava, umbona, umqhaphu zaziphuphuma. iimbotyi, njl.njl, ukongeza kumathuba okuloba ngobuninzi, kuqinisekisiwe ukuba olu luntu lungako lungaziphilisa.
umkhandi wegolide
Ubuchule babakhandi begolide bamandulo buyamangalisa nanamhlanje, umsebenzi wabo wefiligree wobuxoki, umsonto ocekeceke ophothiweyo wegolide, uphoswe ngobuchule kwiwax, ziziqwenga ezinkulu zenkcubeko yeZenú.
Uyilo lwemveli lweZenú luhlobo lokubonakaliswa kwendawo yabo kunye nendlela yokuphila, ejikelezwe yimijelo ehlala kwiintlambo ezigudle iGulf of Morrosquillo, babehlala besebenza kwaye bahombise iziqwenga zabo njengohlobo lwepatheni ye-wicker, eqhelekileyo yeminatha yabo yokuloba. , amalaphu, izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe, iibhaskithi, nezinto zegolide nezinto zakudala.
Igolide nayo yayisetyenzwa ngezinye iindlela, ibethelwe kwiipleyiti kunye ne-reliefs, idala imihlobiso eyayidla ngokwenziwa nge-alloy equlethe umgangatho ophezulu wale ntsimbi.
Uphawu oluqhelekileyo lwezinto eziveliswa yiZenú kwiintaba zaseSan Jacinto kukubonakaliswa kweziganeko ezahlukeneyo zobomi bendalo, iintaka ezihleli kwisebe, imifanekiso yezilwanyana, i-alligators kunye ne-amphibians. Amaxesha amaninzi amanani amadoda yongezwa iinzipho, izikhonkwane, amazinyo, njl.
Iintaka, iingwenya, iintlanzi, amaxhama, i-curassow eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kunye nezinye izilwanyana zasendle ezisezintabeni kunye nemigxobhozo, nazo ezaziyimithombo yokutya, zazidla ngokuboniswa kwimihombiso yegolide, mhlawumbi njengomboniso woxabiso, uthando nokuhlonela umhlaba nendalo.
Eminye yemifanekiso yegolide yelizwe lezilwanyana yaguqulwa yaba yimihlobiso elengayo kunye nemihombiso eyayibekwe ekupheleni kweentonga ukuze ihombise. Kwakhona benza amakhonkco empumlo okanye amacici empumlo, iipectoral, izikhonkwane, imisesane namacici. Ukongeza kwizinto ezinokwenyani kakhulu kunye namanye amanani aqingqiweyo abantu kwiindlela ezilula neziqhelekileyo kunye nemisebenzi: iimvumi ezinezixhobo, ukuhlala ezitulweni, ukuma, kunye nemifuno okanye iziqhamo, njl.
Uninzi lweziqwenga ezintle zangcwatywa nabafi bazo, ngokwesithethe salo mthonyama. Ngokuqhelekileyo oku kwakusenziwa kwimisele eyayigqunywe ziziduli ezinkulu zomhlaba, nto leyo eyayisenza kube lula ekujoliswe kuzo kubaphangi abangcwaba, abaphangi kunye nabahambi ababehlala bephanga unxweme lweCaribbean neziqithi.
Akukho bani waziyo ngokwenene apho iZenú yayifumana khona igolide nokuba umsebenzi waqala nini ngayo, iyenza igqibelele de yafikelela kwiziqwenga ezisamangalisa ihlabathi lonke, ekubeni kuqikelelwa ukuba le nkcubeko yayikho kangangeminyaka emalunga namawaka amabini.
Iiceramics
Iingqayi zale nkcubeko yemveli zibonakaliswa ngamanani e-anthropomorphic kunye ne-zoomorphic, echazwe kakuhle kakhulu kwaye egcwele iinkcukacha, ezifana nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo. Basebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, ubuchule, izimbo kunye neefom. Iziqwenga ngokubanzi zazisetyenziselwa imihla ngemihla kunye nekhaya, ezona zicokisekileyo zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimibhiyozo kunye nezithethe.
Izitya zomdongwe zazinemihombiso nemihombiso, ezi zinto zihambelana nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zokuhombisa bezi:
- umhombiso osikiwe
- umhombiso onamachaphaza
- Umzobo wejometri: olu hlobo lomhlobiso lwaluqhelekile lubomvu kunye nomnyama, kunye nemvelaphi enemibala ekhilimu.
Awona manani aqhelekileyo kunye neziqwenga ezenziwe ngamagcisa eZenú ngala:
- Iikomityi ezinde ezinesiseko sentsimbi.
- Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yabasetyhini abaneziketi ezinde, i-torso engenanto kunye namagxa abhalwe umvambo kunye namabele.
- iintsimbi ezijingayo
- iimpempe zoomorphic
- Amanani abasetyhini abakhulelweyo
- Zezilwanyana
Iisampulu zeceramic zenkcubeko yeZenú zimele iziqwenga zobugcisa ezivelisa umdla omkhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuba luncedo kwazo. Ziziqwenga ezinokubaluleka okukhulu kunye nokukhethwa kwi-pre-Hispanic art.
Uninzi lwezi ziqwenga zingabonwa kwiingqokelela ze "Gold Museum" yeBanco de la República eBogotá naseCartagena de Indias, ibe ngumboniso wobukhulu bobugcisa beenkcubeko zaseColombia zangaphambili, ngakumbi inkcubeko yeZenú.
Zenu petroglyphs
I-San Jacinto kunye ne-San Juan Nepomuceno ngoomasipala ababini kwisebe laseBolívar, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezaziwa ngokuba yindawo apho ezinye iziqwenga ze-archaeological zisinda ezinokuthi zithathwe njengobuncwane benkcubeko yeZenú.
Ilifa elifihlwe emathunjini ehlathi, amatye amakhulu axhoma phezu kwemithi, ubungqina obuphilayo bempucuko yamandulo apho imiboniso eyahlukeneyo kunye nemifanekiso yejometri inokubonwa. Le mizobo kunye nemizobo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-petroglyphs, yenziwe ngamatye amakhulu asusela kwi-4.000 BC kwaye ithathwa njengenye yemisebenzi emidala yolu hlobo eMelika.
Kwaba masipala baseColombia, iindawo ezininzi ze-archaeological zingabonwa ezineenxalenye ezimele zeZenú okanye inkcubeko yeSinú. Kuthathwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo, iziqwenga kwicandelo leArroyo Rastro, kumasipala waseSan Juan Nepomuceno, zibonisa ubuso benkokeli yeZenú, enabo kobunye ubuso, apho abaphandi abaninzi bacinga ukuba bafanekisela ookhokho baloo cacique.
ISan Jacinto
ISan Jacinto, malunga neekhilomitha ezilikhulu ukusuka eCartagena de Indias, inembali kunye nelifa lezinto ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa kunye nomculo onomdla, kwabo bacinga ukuba kule dolophu banokufumana kuphela i-hammocks, oobhaka kunye neebhegi ezininzi ezixhotyiswe ngeemaracas kunye namagubu, Akunjalo. , luluntu apho kukho okuninzi okufumanayo.
Yaziwa njengomhlaba weBig Hammock, edume ngamalaphu ayo ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo, xa yayilikhaya leyona nkcubeko yakudala eMelika, iZenúes. Nangona kunjalo, ikwayinqaku lomdla kwabo bathanda iindawo ezinomdla kwizinto zakudala.
IMyuziyam yoLuntu yaseSan Jacinto, eBolívar, yindawo yenkcubeko kulo masipala owaqala ukusebenza ngeminyaka yoo-XNUMX, njengeprojekthi yeThala leeNcwadi likaMasipala.
Nangona kunjalo, kungekhona kuphela ukufunda okudityanisiweyo kule ndawo, ukupeyinta, ukudansa kunye ne-archaeology nayo yahlanganiswa kule ngcamango. Okwangoku iMyuziyam yoLuntu ibonisa izixhobo kunye namaqhekeza enziwe ngeseramikhi, ezindala kakhulu, ekucingelwa ukuba zivela kwi-4000 BC. Kwelinye icala, kufutshane kakhulu nedolophu, efihlwe kumhlaba wezityalo ezishinyeneyo, phantse emahlathini, kukho iindawo ezimbini apho uninzi lwabathandi bobomi bangaphandle kunye nabathandi beenkcubeko zemveli bangasileli ukutyelela:
- Rastro Creek Petroglyphs
Abaninzi benza indlela ngeenyawo ukusuka kwindawo yokungena eyaziwa ngokuba yiConejitos neighbourhood, nto leyo eguqulela ekubeni yiyure nje engaphezulu kweeyure ezimbini ukuhamba, kwabo bangaluthandiyo olu hambo lokuhamba ngenqwelo-mafutha lunokuthatha malunga nemizuzu engamashumi amabini, ngokuxhomekeke kwimozulu. Usuku Indawo iphawulwe ngeempawu zetsimbi kunye nemizobo yemisebenzi yezandla enegama le IiPetroglyphs, Arroyo Rastro.
Emva kokuhamba umgama omde kwaye ushiye ngasemva ifama ebizwa ngokuba yiLa Nasa, uya kufumana isiqwenga somhlaba esinomsinga ofanele uwuwele ukuze ufikelele kwindawo apho kunyuka amatye amakhulu, nemikrolo eyenziwe ngamaZenúes amandulo.
Kwi-Arroyo Rastro, unokubona i-megaliths, izikhumbuzo ezenziwe ngeebhloko zamatye ezinkulu, ezingaqingqwanga, ezinye zifihliwe kwiso lenyama.
Kwezi unokubona ezinye iipetroglyphs ezikrolwe kumphezulu, ezinye ziye zaphela ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Le mizobo ibonisa imifanekiso ye-caciques yemveli, kunye nokuhombisa kunye neentloko zabo, kunye nobunye ubuso.
- Umtsi weJaguar
Le ndawo yobuncwane bezinto zakudala ibekwe malunga nemizuzu engamashumi amabini ukusuka eSan Jacinto, kumasipala waseSan Juan Nepomuceno. Yaziwa ngokuba yi-El Salto del Jaguar, njengoko amatye amakhulu enamanqaku afana kakhulu nemikhondo yeenzipho zejaguar.
Amatye amakhulu nagudileyo afana neendonga ezimbejembeje ezithweswe isithsaba ngemifanekiso exelisa ukumila kweentlobo ezithile zezilwanyana nezincediswa yeminye imizobo yamaZenúes omthonyama, kubo bonke ubude belitye.
Ziindawo ezingaphononongwanga kakhulu, ngoko ke, ukuzola kokusingqongileyo, okwenziwa kuphela ngezandi ezonwabileyo zeentaka kunye nezinambuzane, akumangalisi. Ziindawo ezingaqhelekanga ezibonelela ngomsebenzi oncomekayo kunye nomkhulu kwabo bathanda iinkcubeko zantlandlolo kunye neziqwenga zabo ze-archaeological.
Zenu Gold Museum
I-Banco de la República Cultural Centre eCartagena ineendawo ezintathu: iThala leencwadi laseBartolemé Calvo, iMyuziyam yeGolide yeZenú kunye nesakhiwo saseBanco República.
IMyuziyam yeGolide yeZenú, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiMyuziyam yoMmandla yeZenú Culture, yasungulwa ngoMatshi 1982, ibonisa ekuvuleni kwayo umboniso wamaqhekeza amalunga namakhulu asixhenxe, apho abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu bengabakhandi begolide.
Uhlaziyo lwayo lwamva nje lwalungo-2006, ngoku luneenxalenye ze-archaeological ezingama-902, ezibandakanya:
- Izinto zentsimbi: 747
- Izinto zeCeramic: 105
- Izinto zethambo: 11
- Izinto zeqokobhe: 34
- Iziqwenga zeceramic: 5
Izinto zegolide ezikhandiweyo kwiipleyiti, iintsimbi, i-headdresses kunye nemifanekiso yemikhosi zihlobisa iindonga zamatye zekholoni zale ndawo eCartagena.
Siyakumema ukuba uqhagamshelane namanye amakhonkco kwibhlog yethu anokuba nomdla kuwe:
Ndithande amava esayithi, yandinceda, ndiyincoma ukuba ufuna ukwazi malunga neepetroglyphs