Kuyo yonke imbali, abantu abaninzi abacingayo baseke imizekelo eyahlukeneyo yokuqonda inkqubo yokufundisa emntwini. Makhe sihlolisise apha eyona nto iphambili ithiyori zokufundisa kwimbali yethu.
Ziziphi iithiyori zokufundisa?
Ukuqhuba kwabantu okukhulu ukususela ekuqaleni kweentlobo kujoliswe ekufunxeni ulwazi, ukuhlulahlula, ukwenza izixhobo. Menze isixhasi sokuseka ulawulo kwindalo yonke eyaziwayo. Ukuzingela ubulumko ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo weHomo Sapiens.
Kodwa ukutyhubela iminyaka, iintanda-bulumko ezininzi, izazinzulu, kunye neengcinga ezingabonakaliyo zaqala ukuzikhathaza kungekuphela nje ngolwazi ngokwalo, kodwa nangeendlela zethu, zisazi okanye zingekho zingqondweni, ezisetyenziselwa ukuyidibanisa. Apha kulele ulwakhiwo lwe ithiyori zokufundisa: ekucamngceni ngokwemfundo ngendlela abantu abafunda ngayo nendlela omnye umntu anokukhuthaza ngayo omnye ukuba afunde.
Ngamanye amazwi, le yimifuziselo ecetywayo ukuze kuqondwe iindlela apho ulwazi lugqithiselwa khona kunye nolwazi. Ezi modeli zinokugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi eqhelekileyo yecandelo lezemfundo. Olu luhlu lususela kwisayikholoji, ngokweneuroscience, ukuya kwisociology, ifilosofi kunye neyokufundisa ngokwayo.
Uphando olutsha kwinkalo nganye kwezi lunempembelelo ekhawulezileyo ngeziphumo zalo kwingcinga yethu yokuba ukufundisa kwenziwa njani na. Oku kugqiba ekubeni sisiseko seengcamango ekuya kwakhiwa phezu kwazo imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente neyabucala kumaziko emfundo. Iinkcubeko ziguqulwa ngolu hlobo kwaye zivelise ezintsha ithiyori zokufundisa ngotshintsho lomoya wengcinga, kwi-symbiosis engapheliyo.
Iithiyori eziphambili zokufundisa
Eli liza lizama ukuyithimba ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yokufunda, ngaphandle kokuba liyifezekise. Ingqondo yomntu iseyimfihlakalo kwaye inzima kakhulu umatshini ukuba uncitshiswe kwithiyori elula. Ngesi sizathu, kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo izindululo ezahlukeneyo ezenziwe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo embali njengeenkcazo ezichanekileyo zeenkqubo ezithile, ezixhaswa zezinye iinkcazo zabanye, kuthungelwano olukhulu lomsebenzi wethiyori.
Sikhumbula oku, makhe siqwalasele uluhlu olufutshane lweethiyori ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokufunda nokufundisa. Ubalo lususela kumaxesha aphakathi kunye namaxesha okuKhanya, ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX kunye nenzululwazi yangoku. Uluhlu lungasinika umbono wendlela ingxoxo ye-pedagogical ekhoyo kwimbali yoluntu.
Ithiyori yeNdalo yeNdalo: MasiBhiyozele iNgcali yeSavage
Ngendalo yendalo sifumana eyona nto ikufutshane kwindawo enguziro yemfundo ngaphakathi kwenkalo yokufundisa. Iphuhliswe ubukhulu becala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe, ithiyori yendalo ithathela ingqalelo into yokuba undoqo wendalo yomntu kufuneka ihlonitshwe kwaye ikhuthazwe yinkqubo yokufundisa, ngaphandle koqeqesho lwentsimbi okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwesicwangciso esiqhelekileyo semfundo esesikweni yemveli.
phantsi kwesaci esithi umntu ulungile ngendaloURousseau, ingcingane yethiyori ngokugqwesileyo kwindalo, wenze isindululo sefomathi yokufundisa yasimahla esekwe ekwamkelweni kokuzenzekela kwabantwana kunye nophononongo olungundoqo noluthe ngqo lwezivamvo. Umgangatho wamava wokufunda uphuculwe phezu kokubanda kwenkqayiya kwangethuba kwiiLatinisms.
Iinqobo ezisemgangathweni ezizenzekelayo kufuneka zikhokelwe ngobuchule ngutitshala, ngaphandle kokuthintelwa, ukuzongeza ngokuhambelanayo nesizathu esikhanyiselweyo. Ukungavisisani phakathi kwethuku eliluncedo kunye nomsebenzi onyanzelwayo wentlalo yayikukuba isithandi sobulumko unobangela wokuphazamiseka kwentlalo okuninzi kunye nokonakala komoya.
Ke, uRousseau wenze ucwangciso apho umfundi wayemiselwe de abe neminyaka elishumi ukuba abe namava kuphela ngomzimba wakhe kunye nemekobume ekufutshane ngenkqubo yakhe yeemvakalelo, esenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo, ezizinzileyo nezifanelekileyo malunga nehlabathi. Emva koko wabelwa ukuya kutsho kwishumi elinesihlanu kumyalelo wobukrelekrele, apho inyathelo lakhe lalisabalulekile, emva koko de kwaba lishumi elinesibhozo ukuya kwelona nqanaba liphakamileyo lokufunda, ukuziphatha kunye nenkolo.
Nangona imbono yothando yendalo iphela ingasebenzi kakuhle kwinkqubo yemfundo yanamhlanje, iingcamango zayo ubukhulu becala zangena kubulumko bethu obuthandwayo ngokuphathelele ukulunga nobukrelekrele bemvelo babantwana, ababhengeza ubunyulu obuphulukene nabantu abadala. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ubuntu obuthile bomfundi kunye neemfuno zexesha ngalinye kuhlala kuyingcinga engundoqo yokufundisa kakuhle.
Umyalelo woluleko: ukukhohlisa umntu opheleleyo
Ukuba imfundiso yendalo ibhengeza ubulumko obungaphakathi bomntu, ekufuneka ilangatye lakhe likhuselwe kwimpepho ebandayo yengcinezelo yasekuhlaleni, ululeko lwalukholelwa ekwenziweni nzima komntu ngokomyalelo negunya elimiselweyo.
Kunokuthiwa eyona ntshukumisa iphambili yemfundiso eqeqeshekileyo yeGrisi-Roman, isithethe samaxesha aphakathi kunye neRenaissance yayikukuvelisa izifundo ngokudityaniswa okugqibeleleyo kwangaphakathi phakathi kokulunga kobuchule, ukuchaneka kokuziphatha kunye nesimo esiqinileyo. Ukufunda yayingelolwazi nje olulula, kodwa yayiyindlela yokuwenza ugqibelele umoya, ukhule kancinane ngemvelaphi, wawungenakuba nako kwasebuntwaneni.
Umanyano nalo lwafunwa ngenxa yolwazi oludityaniswe ngumfundi. Ulwazi olunjengegrama, ingqiqo, umculo, iintetho, inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, iilwimi, zaziyinxalenye yemfundo esisinyanzelo kwasebuntwaneni, kwinto eyayibizwa ngokuba yiTrivium neQuadrivium yexesha eliphakathi. Yayimalunga nolwazi olupheleleyo lolwazi oluqokelelweyo lwexesha, kwimbono ye-eclectic, engeyodwa kwaye ibekwe ngokuxelisa kunye nokukhumbula, phantsi kwesoyikiso sesohlwayo.
Njengoko kunokubonwa, umba oncomekayo woluleko ulele kubungqongqo, ukulunga nobubanzi bokufunda. Umba ombi waxhatshazwa kakuhle ziingcali zendalo: imfundiso esisiseko yahluzwa ngokufundisa nokuba nokwenzeka kokuphathwa kakubi kumaziko abuthathaka.
Ukuziphatha: ukuvuselela kunye nokuphendula
Ekuziphatheni, mhlawumbi eyona ithiyori yobuchwephesha kuzo zonke ithiyori zokufundisa, usana luyi-tabula rasa, iphepha elingenanto ngaphandle kobuntu okanye ulwazi lwangaphambili, olulawulwa ngokuqhubekayo yimpembelelo yangaphandle. Yithiyori eyehla kwi-conditioning experimenting kunye nezilwanyana, ezifana nezinja ezidumileyo zikaPavlov, kamva zandiswa ngu-Skinner.
Xa sijonga umva, ukuziphatha kukhangeleka ngathi kucocekile ngakumbi kwaye kucwangcisiwe ukwahluka kokuziphatha kwakudala, ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kwayo yonke into okanye ubuhle. Umyalelo wokohlwaya ufakelwe kwixesha langoku ngokuziphatha okunemeko kumntu ongenzi nto ngomvuzo nesohlwayo, umvuzo kunye nokungavunywa.
Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo njengesiseko seenkqubo ezininzi zemfundo zangoku, ukuziphatha kuneengxaki ezicacileyo. Umfundi unokusekela umsebenzi wakhe ekufumaneni ibakala, ngaphandle kweyiphi enye inkuthazo. Ubudlelwane notitshala bunokuba nomdla kwaye bubanda. Kwaye ekubeni ithiyori ayicingi nokucinga ngomlinganiswa wobuqu, indlela aza kusabela ngayo ayinakuqikelelwa.
Unxulumano: ukufunda okudibeneyo
Ukwabelana nge-tabula rasa efanayo njengokuziphatha, unxulumano lubona ukufundisa njengolwakhiwo oluqhubela phambili lolwazi kumhlaba ongekazalwa. Indlela yokuhlanganisa iipakethe zethu zolwazi kungokunxibelelana phakathi kolwazi, ngakumbi phakathi kolwazi esele lufunyenwe kunye nolutsha.
Ke, umsebenzi we-pedagogue kukwenza olu manyano lubonakale, ukuseka amakhonkco kwindawo nganye phakathi kwezifundo ukuvuselela iingqondo zabafundi malunga nemilinganiselo ethe ngqo. Uninzi lwabagxeki bobudlelwane baye bachaza ngokuchanekileyo inkalo ethe ngqo yemfundiso, ingavumeli ubuncinane ukuphononongwa komntu ngokwendalo. Sekunjalo, ithiyori kaPiaget yenye esaziwayo.
Kule vidiyo ilandelayo, ithiyori yengqondo kaPiaget icaciswe ngemizobo.
I-Gestalt: amandla esakhiwo
I-Gestalt psychology, ithiyori yaseJamani eyavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ibonelela ngenqanaba elibanzi lokuntsonkotha kunale sicinga ngayo ngokulandelelana kobudlelwane.
Ukuba negama elithetha ukucwangciswa, i-Gestalt ijongene nokuvavanya izakhiwo zengqondo apho umntu ehlunga kwaye afake ulwazi oluvela kwinyani. Ukufunxa akukaze kugqitywe, kuba isakhiwo sithatha kuphela iindawo apho imigca yayo ikwazi ukudibanisa.
Kuthathelwa ingqalelo imithetho yolu qalo-ngqangi, oluthatha amanani alandela ikhrayitheriya esuka kwinqanaba lawo lokuchasana nemvelaphi kunye nokuphindaphinda kwawo ukufana phakathi kwawo, ithiyori yemfundo elinganayo iyamiselwa ngokumalunga notitshala nomfundi. Utitshala wenza ngokuthobeka ngakumbi njengomququzeleli wokwakheka kwengqondo okwenziwa ngumfundi ngokwakhe, exakeke yiphazili yakhe eyodwa.
I-Gestalt yase-Wertheimer, i-Köhler kunye ne-Koffka isebenza kakuhle ekufundiseni kwiingqondo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza nezicacileyo. Ukwandiswa kwayo kulo lonke ilizwekazi laseYurophu bekungayeki ukususela kwisiphakamiso sayo.
Ithiyori yokuqonda: ukulandelelana kwengqondo
Naxa inomlinganiswa onenjongo oqhelekileyo weyona psychology yovavanyo, ithiyori yokuqonda linyathelo eliya phambili ngokubhekiselele ekuziphatheni. Ukuba esi siphakamiso sihlala kuphela kubungqina obubonakalayo be-stimulus kunye nokuphendula, i-cognitive iphakamisa ukucwiliswa ngokwenene kwiinkqubo zengqondo ezikhokelela ekufundeni.
Umzekelo, ngokwenyani efanayo ulandelelwano scan. Ukufuna ukwazi njengombuso wokuqala, ingxaki ehlolisisiweyo, ukuvavanywa kweengcamango kunye nokukhetha enye ngokukodwa ngenxa yokufaneleka kwayo.
Ukusebenzisa oku kwi-pedagogy, ingqiqo igxininisa ekuhlonipheni ulandelelwano lokukhula kwengqondo yomfundi. Ubudala bumisela uhlobo lwemfundo efunyenweyo kwaye inyathelo elinomdla lomfundi libalulekile ekufundiseni. Uhlobo lwenzululwazi olujikelezayo kwindalo endala.
Ukuba unomdla kweli nqaku malunga ithiyori zokufundisa, mhlawumbi uya kuyithanda le enye inikezelwe kwi Ukufunda ngokufumanisa. Landela ikhonkco!
