Kwicandelo eliphakathi, uhlaselo ecaleni kwemigca St. Vith kunye Bastogne waqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa yaye ngoDisemba 18 amaJamani awayexhasa uHitler adlula esoyisa iSchnee Eifel. Izahlulo ezibini zesikrweqe ziyaqaliswa ngokuchasene nokhuselo lweBastogne, kodwa amasebe zobunjineli American ukumisa phambili German kunye nothotho iibhloko zendlela, ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba vumela i-101st Airborne Division ukufikelela kwidolophu encinane yaseBelgium ngomhlaba ngoDisemba 19, ngexesha elibalulekileyo ledabi.
Iiyunithi ezixhobileyo zaseJamani ezisilelayo ukuthatha iBastogne ngokudlula kwesaqhwithi, zishiya icandelo losapho ukuya. zingqinge iiyunithi ezizimeleyo zase-US.
"Yiya esihogweni!": Ukuchaswa kwe-101 eBastogne
Ngeli xesha, u-Eisenhower kunye namagosa aphantsi kolawulo lwakhe bathathile amanyathelo okuthintela ayimfuneko ukumisa "ukwaphulwa" iqhuma «) ethe yavulwa kwi-allied deployment. "Ike" iphathisa iMontgomery kwimikhosi yase-US yoku-1 neye-9, kunye nomsebenzi wokuzinzisa umphambili kunye nomkhosi. thintela amaJamani ukuba afikelele kwi-Meuse kwaye aqhubele phambili kwi-counterattack. Njengesithintelo, iibhulorho eziphezu komlambo, ezilawulwa ngamacandelo ama-4 aseBritani, zembiwa.
Kwicandelo elisemazantsi, kwicala lasekunene elihlangeneyo, nangona kunjalo, UNjengele uGeorge Patton kunye noMkhosi wakhe wesithathu, baqhubela phambili ukuya empuma, sele yenze i-90 ° ijika ukuya emantla (i-tactical and logistical masterpiece) ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka i-Bastogne kunye nokuphula ukujikeleza kwayo..
Enyanisweni, kanye eBastogne ukuba ikamva lenkampu ligqitywe. Thatha oku indlela encinci kodwa ebalulekileyo ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuvumela amaJamani ukuba akhusele inqaba kwisithuba esivulwe kwi-Allied deployment, ukuze qhubeleka phambili ukuya kwiMeuse. Kodwa ngelixa iiyunithi ezixhobileyo zihamba phambili, Umkhosi ohamba ngeenyawo waseJamani uyasilela ukoyisa inkcaso eqatha evela kwiiparatroopers zaseMelika.
Ukunqongophala kwezinto zokoyisa uHitler
Ngeli xesha, imeko kwidolophu engqingiweyo iya isanda: Amajoni aseMelika, amalunga ne-15.000, bengenazo izinto kangangeentsuku: kukho ukunqongophala kweembumbulu, ukutya, amayeza.. Isibhakabhaka sisaguqubele, akukho nkxaso iya kuvela phezulu. AmaJamani acinezela ngakumbi nangakumbi, kodwa umphathi we-101st, uBrigadier General Anthony C. McAuliffe, ulungile ekuphatheni iimpahla ezimbalwa ezikhoyo kunye ngempumelelo ngqo umlilo wokudubula.
Okwangoku, amadoda akhe abonakalisa inkalipho enkulu nokuzingisa.. Kwi amahlathi anomkhenkce ajikeleze iBastognebengenazo iidyasi zasebusika njengoko babebalekiselwa phambili, ngeembumbulu ezimbalwa, bengatyanga kangangeentsuku, abakhwazayo. Eagles Akunjalo nje ukuba, nanamhlanje, i-101st Paratroopers iphakathi kwezona yunithi zaziwa kakhulu kwaye zihlonishwa kakhulu zaseMelika.
El Disemba 22 Kwenzeka into enomdla. Umlindi waseJamani uphakamisa iflegi emhlophe, usondela kwimigca yaseMelika kwaye uhambise umyalezo: UGeneral von Lüttwitz, oyintloko yebutho lomkhosi elingqinga iBastogne, umema abantu baseMelika ukuba banikezele. Kwelinye icala, imeko yemikhosi yaseMelika imbi kakhulu. Amabanjwa, igosa laseJamani liyaqinisekisa, liya kuphathwa ngentlonipho.
Impendulo ebhaliweyo iGeneral McAuliffe ithumela kumaJamani imiselwe ukuba yehle kwii-annals: "Nuts!" ubhala uMcAuliffe, igama elithetha "amandongomane" ngokoqobo kodwa linokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "iibhola" (ngengqiqo ebanzi ethi "fuck you"), kwaye iguqulelwe kwisiJamani ngokuqondakala ngakumbi "Hamba!" esihogweni ! «.
Uxhobe kwakhona ngokuchasene noHitler!
Umhala olandelayo, Disemba 23, isibhakabhaka saphinda sacaca kwaye imikhosi yaseMelika yanikezelwa ukusuka phezulu. Ukongeza, abalwayo ngoku banokunika inkxaso ekhawulezileyo kumadoda asemhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, NgoDisemba 24, iKrisimesi, amaJamani avela ecaleni lokuvala i-Bastogne.. Ngobusuku beKrisimesi uhlaselo olunamandla lwenzeka, kodwa ngeli xesha uhlaselo lwaseJamani luyagxothwa: Amajoni kaLüttwitz nawo alwa ngokukhalipha, ephenjelelwa likratshi lokuthand’ izwe, kodwa aphelelwe ngamandla kwaye nesibhakabhaka siza kuwa. phezu kwazo kukho uqhwithela lweebhombu namagobolondo.
El Disemba 26, ngoxa iinjini zamajoni amanyeneyo zigquma esibhakabhakeni, i ICandelo lesi-4 leSikrweqe lase-US. UGeneral George Patton watyhalela phambili, ebongoza iyunithi ukuba ikhawuleze, idlulise lonke ulangazelelo lwakhe kumadoda akhe. Amatanki USherman (M4-A1) kunye nababhubhisi betanki Jackson (M-36), emva koko unike ubomi kwidabi elinamandla kunye Panthers ( isikrweqe V) kunye ne Tigres yamaJamani, alwa ngokuzimisela kwelinye icala.
Ngokukodwa izinto ezingenakuncitshiswa fallschirmjäger (ukhanyisa "abazingeli beparachute"), oogxa babo "iidemon eziluhlaza" ezazinexhala ixesha elide ii-Allies kwi-Battle of Cassino, zijongene namadoda kaPatton: ezindlini, phakathi kwemithi, babeka ukuxhathisa ngamandla kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba. Ekupheleni kosuku, emva komlo onzima, iitanki zokuqala zecandelo lesi-4 zifikelela kumda wokukhusela wesixeko kwaye ziphinde zijoyine i-101.. Ngokuthe ngcembe intsalela yoMkhosi wesi-3 kaPatton, apho iCandelo lesi-4 leSikrweqe livule indlela, lityhutyha lisuka emazantsi laza laphula ungqingo: idabi laseBastogne liphumelele.
I-gap ivaliwe: i-allied counteroffensive
Njengoko amadoda oMkhosi wesi-3 esilwela ukusindisa iBastogne ukuya emantla, iiAllies bakwaluthintela ngokusisigxina uhlaselo lukaPeiper kunye ne-1st SS Armored Division. Hitler Emva koko uyalela uDietrich kunye noMkhosi we-6 ukuba bahlangane emazantsi kwaye baxhase uManteuffel, oqhubeka eqhubela phambili entshona kunye nezahlulo zakhe ezixhobileyo, ukuya eMeuse.. isibhakabhaka, ii-Allied fighter-bhombers ziqala "ukutya" kwi ipanzer amajamani ophelelwe yipetroli kwaye engakhuselekanga.
AmaJamani ngoku anqotshiwe kwaye Izahlulo ezimanyeneyo ziphinda zithathe umhlaba olahlekileyo, zivale umsantsa ukusuka emantla kunye nemikhosi yaseMontgomery (i-American 1st neye-9) kwaye ukusuka emazantsi kunye nemikhosi yesi-3 yePatton.. Ukuhlaselwa akuphumelelanga, kodwa uHitler akafuni ukuyivuma kwaye ugxininisa ukuba ukuqhubela phambili kuqhubeke. Manteuffel wayeya kuthi kamva athethe ngokukrakra:
“Ndafowunela uJodl ndaza ndamcela ukuba axelele uFührer ukuba ndiza kuyirhoxisa imikhosi yam. Kodwa uHitler waliphikisa eli nyathelo. Ngoko endaweni yokurhoxa ngocwangco nangexesha elifanelekileyo, sanyanzeleka ukuba sibuye umva imitha ngemitha phantsi kwengcinezelo yohlaselo lwaMazwe Amanyeneyo, nto leyo eyathetha intshabalalo kuthi.
UVon Rundstedt akasamxhasi uHitler
Ngoluvo olufanayo, von Rundstedt, umphathi weWestern Front, wayichasa i-Ardennes kwasekuqaleni:
“Bendingathanda ukuyekisa ukukhubekisa kwangethuba, xa kwacaca ukuba ngekhe kuyiphumeze injongo yayo ngaphambili; kodwa UHitler enomsindo wema ngelithi makaqhubeke. YayiyiStalingrad yesibini ".
NgoJanuwari 16, imigca emibini ye-Allied ihamba phambili, ebanjwe yingubo eshinyeneyo yekhephu; badibana eHouffalize, kumbindi weArdennes. Ukusinda," iqhuma ", njengoko ama-Anglo-Americans aya kuyibiza njalo, ivaliwe. Herbstnebel yatshona
Uvavanyo kunye neziphumo zokuhlaselwa kweArdennes ngokuchasene noHitler
Ukuzityhila ngokungakhathali kwi-counter-attack e-Ardennes, ngokungazinaki zonke izilumkiso zokuba umsebenzi onjalo usondele, kwaye baziqinisekisa ukuba uhlaselo lolona khuselo lungcono, i-Allies. babesengozini yentlekele enkulu ngoDisemba 1944.
Nangona kunjalo, u-Eisenhower kunye nabaphantsi kwakhe, UBradley, Montgomerykodwa ngakumbi jikelele ipatton, bayakwazi ngokwenene sabela ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, usebenzisa amandla aphezulu akhoyo. Ukuba ekuqaleni kokuhlaselwa kweJamani Ii-Allies zithumela ngaphezulu nje kwe-100.000 yamadoda, ngokuchasene nama-350.000 amaJamani, ngexesha eliqinisekileyo ledabi, Amajoni angama-800.000 kunye neenqwelo ezingaphezu kwe-3.000 ezixhobileyo ziya kudibana eArdennes.. I-avalanche yemikhosi emitsha kunye neitanki, ngokuchasene nezahlulo zaseJamani ezidiniweyo nezidiniweyo, ezinyanzeliswa ukuba zirhoxe, zihambe. Amadoda angama-80.000 abulawa, alahlekile kwaye enzakele.
Kwanabemi baseMelika baye bafumana ubunzima obukhulu. Bamalunga nama-20.000 ababhubhileyo, abangama-47.000 benzakele, ngaphezulu kwama-20.000 abalahlekileyo kunye namabanjwa. Idabi laseBulge, laliwa phakathi ikhephu elinzima, ngexesha a ebusika obunomkhenkce, ngamajoni aselula kakhulu nanamava imbubhiso kumacala omabini. Ukuphumelela imfazwe, iJamani neUnited States zafuna umzamo omkhulu kubantwana bazo: amajoni amaninzi aseJamani, kodwa kunye namaMerika amaninzi, akakho nabantu abadala.
Uloyiso, ukoyiswa, isifundo
Idabi elaliwa ziiAllies ezazisilwa noHitler ngoDisemba 1944 yayiluloyiso lomkhosi, nangona kunjalo, lishiya ilifa elikhulu. Ukuba ngaphambi kokuba baxakeke ngumbono wokuqhubela phambili, ukuya kwinqanaba lokutyeshela ukhuselo kunye nokubeka umngcipheko wokubuyela umva, emva kokuba i-Ardennes, i-Eisenhower kunye namagosa akhe amaninzi aya kuqala ukusebenzisa isilumkiso esigqithisileyo ngamanye amaxesha.. I uloyiko lwezinto ezintsha ezichaseneyo, ingqalelo yokungavezi kakhulu, ixhala lokujongana nelahleko enkulu kwakhona, iyakucothisa ngokubonakalayo imisebenzi elandelayo, ukuthintela ngempumelelo ii-Allies ukuba zifike eBerlin kuqala.
KumaJamani, kwelinye icala, i-Ardennes imele a ithuba lokugqibela ukutshintsha into ngoku ebonakala ngathi sisigqibo esingaphambili. IJamani iphulukene nemfazwe. UHitler uphulukene nemfazwe. Ngokucacileyo akazange alahlekelwe yi-Ardennes, kodwa ukususela ngoku yinto nje yexesha. NgoJanuwari 1945, empuma, iiSoviets zaqalisa ukuhlasela kwazo ngaphaya kweVistula kwaye kwisithuba senyanga zafika kwi-Oder (ngaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezili-100 ukusuka eBerlin), ngelixa ii-Allies zazisaxinzekile kwi-Rhine.
Si Herbstnebel yaba nesiphumo esibalulekileyo, ngokuqinisekileyo yayikukuba yalibazisa ii-Allies ixesha elide kwaye yarhoxisa imikhosi ebalulekileyo kwicala elingasempuma, inikezela ngokuqinisekileyo iBerlin kumkhosi kaStalin.. Ukusabela kobundlobongela e-Ardennes, eqaqambileyo ephepheni kodwa akunakwenzeka ukufezekiswa, ayiguquli isiphelo songquzulwano, kodwa mhlawumbi ikhawuleza isiphelo sayo. Izigidi zabemi beReich ngoku babeza kuyihlawula.