I-Seneca ngokungathandabuzekiyo yenye yezona ngcinga zibalulekileyo nezaziwayo zexesha lobukhosi baseRoma. Zombini kwezinye iinkalo zebhayografi ezimdibanisa nabalawuli bexesha, kunye neyakhe isimilo sokuziphatha kakuhle, umgxeki ongaguqukiyo ubungendawo boBukhosi baseRoma. uluntu kunye nokukhuthaza iinqobo ezisemgangathweni ezintsha.
Ubomi bonke bukaSeneca bachithwa phantsi kolawulo lwabalawuli abahlanu abahlukeneyo. Inxalenye yobukhosi bukaJulio-Claudian; uya kuba ngumkhapheli nomcebisi kaNero. Nangona kunjalo, lo mva, umfanyekiswe bubutyebi namandla, uya kunyanzela isithandi sobulumko ukuba sizibulale, simtyhola ngokuba nenxaxheba kwiyelenqe lePisonian.
Amanqaku obomi: ubomi kunye nomsebenzi
Siyazi kancinci malunga nolutsha lukaLucio Anneo Seneca. Wazalelwa eCórdoba (eSpain) kusapho lwabakhweli, phakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-1 BC. Uyise, inene elisisityebi elaziwa ngokuba USeneca uMdala okanye uSeneca iRhetoricianWayeyindoda ephucukileyo enomdla kwimbali kunye ne-rhetoric. Lo washukuma eRoma ukufunda ngokulula ngakumbi kunye nokuphulaphula ezona zithethi zibalaseleyo kwaye avumele abantwana bakhe abathathu ukuba bafumane imfundo efanelekileyo.
USeneca waqalisa ukunxulumana nezona nkcuba-buchopho zazidumileyo ngelo xesha. USozione oMncinci (i-Neopythagorean philosopher), uAttalus (Stoic) kunye noPapirio Fabiano (i-rhetorician kunye nefilosofi). Ngabo uyazi i Iimfundiso zikaQuintus Sextius, owayeshumayele ingcamango yobomi bokuzibandeza, ephenjelelwa ngokuyinxenye yiNeo-Pythagoreanism, awayesoloko ethembekile kuyo. USeneca wahamba malunga ne-26 AD ukuya eYiputa kunye nomalume ukuze aphilise impilo yakhe enkenenkene. Apha waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa kunye nezopolitiko malunga nonyaka wama-31 AD. C. yaye, kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, waba lilungu lebhunga.
Ukruthakruthwano lokuqala olunamandla lubuyela kunyaka wama-39 AD, xa wabeka esichengeni isigwebo sentambo, ngokucacileyo ngokuthanda kukaCaligula onomona., ebukho bakhe wayesikhusele ngokuqaqambileyo isizathu, kodwa ngakumbi mhlawumbi ngenxa yokunxibelelana kwakhe nendawo ahlala kuyo. Germanicus, intiyo kumlawuli. Ngesi sihlandlo, wasindiswa ngumthandi kaCaligula, owathi waxelela umlawuli ukuba kwakungafanelekanga ukubulala le ngqondi igulayo, eyayiza kufa ngethutyana nje elingephi.
Izityholo ngakuSeneca
Ngomnyaka wama-41 AD uSeneca ulixhoba leyelenqe lebhotwe kwaye, emva kokutyholwa ngokukrexeza nomnye woodade bakaCaligula, wagxothwa eCorsica ngumlawuli omtsha uClaudius.. Ukugxothwa -enyanisweni, a ukuthotywa- yaqala ngo 41 ukuya 49 AD. C. Ngesi sihlandlo yayinguMessalina, umfazi wokuqala woMlawuli uKlawudiyo, owayebekek’ ityala. Enyanisweni, uyoyika isizwe samandulo saseJamani, esimelwe ngoodadewabo bakaCaligula, kwaye ke uSeneca utyholwa ngokukrexeza kunye nomncinci wabo, uGiulia Livilla.
Ukubuyela kukaSeneca eRoma kwakhuthazwa nguAgrippina, umfazi kaClaudius, emva kokufa kukaMessalina. Enyanisweni, umfazi omtsha womlawuli ulungiselela ukulandelelana kwitrone yonyana wakhe uLucius Domitius Enobarbus, uNero ozayo, kumtshato wangaphambili, kwaye ithatha isithandi sobulumko saseCordovan njengomcebisi ofanelekileyo kuye.
Ngo 54 AD. Ngomnyaka we-XNUMX BC, uClaudius wasweleka, mhlawumbi etyhefwe nguAgrippina ngokwakhe, kwaye walandelwa nguNerone oneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu ubudala, ejikelezwe nguSeneca kunye nomphathi werhuluneli uAfranius Burrus. UNero uya kuba yinkosana ethandabuzekayo ngexesha lakhe; Ngapha koko, uya kuba neemfanelo ezingenakuphikiswa, ngakumbi kwinxalenye yokuqala yobukumkani bakhe, kodwa uya kuba noxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezimo zengqondo zobungqwabalala.
Ukuzibophelela kunye nokuzinikela ngakumbi
I-Seneca ke iqulunqa isicwangciso esinamabhongo sokukhokela umfundi omncinci ekusebenziseni amandla akhanyiselweyo. Wakwenza oko ezama ukufezekisa ulamlo phakathi kwamandla ombuso kunye negunya leSenethi. Wacebisa uNero umgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlonipha amalungelo olawulo lwezihandiba. Nangona kunjalo, lixesha elinzima kwifilosofi, kungekhona nje ngenxa yokuzibophezela ukuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo ufuna kuye, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngenxa yezibophelelo ezininzi ekufuneka ezamkele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umlingiswa kaNero, onganyamezeliyo ukufundiswa kwakhe, kwaye kwelinye, izicwangciso zika-Agrippina, owayefuna ukulawula unyana wakhe ngeSeneca kunye ne-Donkey, ukuze alawule amandla akhe.
Iminyaka emihlanu yokuqala yenqununu yaphawulwa lixesha lokulingana okubonakalayo-ixesha elibizwa ngokuba "lixesha lorhulumente olungileyo" -kodwa imeko emva koko yabonakala yehla kakhulu. Impembelelo entle yabahlohli babini badumileyo yaba yeyomzuzwana nje; UNero, ezele ngamabhongo kunye nokucingela, uqala ukususa abo bathintela iprojekthi yakhe yokuqinisekiswa komntu ngamnye, engcatsha imilinganiselo efanayo kunye nemigaqo awayefundiswe ngayo ngutitshala wakhe.
Wachukunyiswa ngumlawuli ongendawo
Umlawuli okhohlakeleyo kungekudala waqalisa ukuba ngumlinganiswa oyintloko wezenzo ezimbi. Wabulala unyana kaClaudio, uBriton, ngowama-55 AD Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, ngowama-59, wabulala unina ka-Agrippina, emva kweemfazwe ezinamandla.. Noko ke, uSeneca wahlala ecaleni komlawuli de kwangowama-62 AD.
Xa, emva kokufa kwe-esile (mhlawumbi ityhefu), ukuchasana kuye kwagxininiswa ngakumbi kunye nendlela yokuphila kaNero kunye noTigellinus, umphathi omtsha we-praetorium, kunye nendlela yokuphila yokulawula.
Ngeli xesha, uSeneca waqonda ingozi yale meko waza waqalisa ukutyelela ibhotwe lasebukhosini kancinci kancinci, ngakumbi emva komlilo eRoma ngo-64. Kwakhona wacela umlawuli ukuba amvumele ukuba arhoxe kubomi bezopolitiko. Ngaphandle kokwala kwakhe, ngokuthe ngcembe waya kumakhaya ahlala kwilizwe lakhe, ezinikela ekufundeni ifilosofi, enokunxulunyaniswa nelifa lakhe lentanda-bulumko kunye nempembelelo yakhe kuluntu. stoicism. Ngokuchanekileyo ngeli xesha uSeneca waqamba eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ebalulekileyo: imibuzo yendalo, i Isibonelelo kunye iileta zokuziphatha kuLucilius.
Isigwebo sikaNero
Isimo sengqondo sokunyuka okuqhubekayo kwiinketho zezopolitiko zikaNero zibakhokelela ekubeni babone uSeneca njengomchasi wolawulo. Ngoko ke, xa ngo-AD wama-65 iyelenqe leNdlu yeeNgwevu nxamnye noNero, elalikhokelwa nguGaius Calpurnius Piso (owaziwa ngokuba liyelenqe likaPiso), lathintelwa, uSeneca akazange akwazi ukukuphepha ukurhanelwa ngokuba nenxaxheba kulo waza uNero wagwetyelwa ukufa. Emva koko ufumana umyalelo wokuba athathe ubomi bakhe, afe enembeko ngokwemigaqo ye mos maorum. Ukuba wayengenzanga njalo, ngewayebulewe nangona kunjalo, njengoko uNero ehlala eqinisekile ngokubandakanyeka kwakhe kwiyelenqe lasePisonian. USeneca usenokuba uxelelwe kuphela ngeli yelenqe, kodwa asazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba wathatha inxaxheba na kulo. Ayinakukwazi kwaye ayifuni ukubaleka, ifilosofi ikhetha ukuzibulala kwaye ayinayo enye indlela.
Ukufa kweSeneca kubaliswa nguTacitus, ochaza ukuba iphefumlelwe nguUkufa kukaSocrates kwi Phaedo y Crito ukusuka kuPlato, ngeethoni ezifanayo kakhulu; USeneca uthetha nabafundi kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uPompea Paolina, ongathanda ukuzibulala kunye naye, kodwa nangona isithandi sobulumko simtyhala ukuba angavumi, uyanyanzelisa.
Imizuzu yokugqibela ngokutsho kukaTacitus
UTacitus uchaza amaxesha okugqibela obomi befilosofi ngale ndlela: «Ngeli xesha uSeneca, njengoko ukulinda ixesha elide kwaye ukufa kwakucotha ukufika, wacela u-Statius Anneus, ubuhlobo bakhe obude kunye nobugcisa bezonyango awayebufumene, ukuba amgalele ityhefu elungiselelwe kudala, efanayo nayo. abo babegwetywa ngesigwebo esithandwayo bacinywa eAthene. Bamzisela ke, wasela, wafumana; kuba amalungu akhe ayesele ebanda kwaye nomzimba wakhe uvaleleke kwisenzo setyhefu. Ekugqibeleni, wazifakela ebhafini enamanzi ashushu, waza wafefa izicaka ezikufutshane ngayo, waphinda wathi wanikela eso siselo kuJupiter umkhululi. Ekugqibeleni wafakwa kwindawo yokuhlambela ngomphunga, wafuthaniselwa bubushushu waza watshiswa ngaphandle komsitho womngcwabo. Oku wayekulungiselele kumyolelo wakhe xa, wayesesityebi kakhulu yaye ekuphakameni kwamandla akhe, wayesele ecinga ngesiphelo sakhe.».
Ukuzibulala okuqondwa ngabaninzi
Ukuzibulala okuBukhalipha nokuthethelelekayo kwabo bangoyikiyo ukufa nabathe baphila ubomi babo bonke befuna ulonwabo esidima, ubulumko noxolo lwengqondo. Qwalasela ukubaluleka kobude bobomi kungekhona ngokwexesha lalo, kodwa ngokomgangatho obuhlala nawo. Lowo, ngeenkxwaleko zakhe, wazama, egweba ingqumbo, fundisa umlawuli wakhe ukuba akuphephe ukugqajukelwa ngumsindo, anikele nokuba mnye kweyakhe Iingxoxo kulo mnqweno umbi (i ngumsindo), nokuba ulixhoba layo. Kukufa kwakhe okuthwele ngesithsaba sobomi; Uhlala ekwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintle nezimbi, eshiya kwizizukulwana ezizayo irepertoire etyebileyo yemisebenzi, zombini ifilosofi kunye nokuziphatha ngokwendalo, ngeeDialogue zakhe ezilishumi. y sus iincwadi, isondele kakhulu kwaye yobuqu.
Isithandi sobulumko, esatyholwa ixesha elide ngokungaphili ngokwemithetho yalo, ukuba siziqwebele ubutyebi, sasebenzisa inzala, emva kokulalanisa kulawulo nasekuxhaseni ukubulawa kukaBritannicus noAgrippina, ngokufa kwakhe kweqonga lokufa kukaSocrates ekugqibeleni kwenza uxolo phakathi kobomi bakhe nemisebenzi yakhe. Indima kaTacitus enzulu kunye nemangalisayo ye I-Annales (15, 62-64) -eyathi, ngaphezu koko, yaphefumlela isithethe sanamhlanje se-iconographic, ukusuka kuRubens ukuya kuDavide-i, kunye ne imbali yaseRoma (25, 1-3) nguCassius Dio, umthombo oyintloko wokwakhiwa kwakhona kokuzibulala kukaSeneca. Njengoko esitsho ngokwakhe kwi Iileta eziya kuLucilio( Incwadi VIII, 70, 6 nesama-28 ): “Ukufa kakuhle kuthetha ukubaleka ingozi yokuphila kakubi. (…) Isizathu esifanayo siyasibongoza ukuba sife ngendlela, ukuba kunokwenzeka, esiyithandayo».