Siyakumema ukuba wazi kwinqaku elilandelayo yonke into enxulumene nembali, imvelaphi, intsingiselo kunye neempawu eziphambili oothixo be-prehispanic, ababephethe ukuphawula isiganeko esibalulekileyo kwiinkcubeko ezininzi zamandulo, ingakumbi amaMaya.
oothixo be-prehispanic
Kwinqaku lethu namhlanje siza kufunda ngakumbi malunga nembali, intsingiselo kunye nokubaluleka kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuba ngoothixo bangaphambi kweSpanishi. Aba balinganiswa babeyinxalenye yeenkolelo zonqulo zeenkcubeko ezininzi zabantu ababehlala kwilizwekazi laseMelika iminyaka, kwanasusela kumaxesha ngaphambi kokoyiswa yiSpanish.
Kunokuthiwa oothixo bangaphambili be-Hispanic bahambelana nemfuno yenkcubeko yokuvakalisa uthotho lweenkolelo ezijoliswe kwimbono yenkolo ngaba bantu baseMelika. Kwiinkcubeko ezininzi zaseMelika oothixo bangaphambi kweSpanishi babekho, nangona kunjalo, kwakuseMexico apho kwaphawulwa khona ubukho obukhulu.
Oothixo bangaphambi kweSpanishi badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkcubeko ezininzi zamandulo ezazihlala kummandla waseMexico. Kwezinye iimpucuko ezifana neMayan, Olmec, Aztec kunye neMixtec, aba thixo baba yinxalenye yeentsomi kunye nezithethe zaba bantu bomthonyama. Baba ngoothixo abakhulu ababenqulwa ngabantu.
Uninzi lwaba thixo bangaphambi kweSpanishi babenxulumene neendawo ezinjengomhlaba, indalo, amanzi, ilanga, kwanezilwanyana. Kwakukho ubudlelwane phakathi kokomoya kunye nokwenyama. Ngokweenkolelo zaba bantu bamandulo, ikamva lalinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nobomi bemvelo namandla awayebangqongileyo.
Ke siyakumema ukuba ufunde ngakumbi malunga nembali, inkcubeko, iinkolelo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezithixo eziphambili zeSpanishi ezaziyinxalenye yeenkcubeko ezininzi zaseMexico nehlabathi.
Malunga noothixo bangaphambi kweSpanishi
Zininzi izinto ezinokugqanyiswa malunga noothixo bangaphambi kwe-Hispanic, nangona kunjalo njengendawo yokuqala kuya kufuneka siyikhankanye loo nkolelo esisigxina abantu abanayo yokujonga into ebizwa ngokuba lukholo. Ukubuzwa rhoqo kwayo yonke into engqonge umntu kubonakala kungumgaqo osisiseko wemvelaphi yento esiyaziyo njengezinto zobuthixo.
Ngoothixo bangaphambi kweSpanishi, abantu babekwazi ukunxibelelana nayo yonke into eyayibangqongileyo, umzekelo indalo, umhlaba, amanzi kunye nomlilo. Iinkolelo zaba bantu bakudala kwizithixo zabavumela ukuba bafunde ngakumbi ngemiba enxulumene nokufa, ubomi, uthando kunye nezifo. Bayiva imfuneko yokukholelwa kwinto ethile yaye ngaloo ndlela kwavela oothixo bangaphambi kweSpanishi.
Ngokuqinisekileyo kukho iiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo ngokuphathelele kwezinye iinkcubeko okanye iinkolelo, umzekelo iintsomi zaseToltec, apho kukholelwa ukuba oothixo bayapha kodwa banamandla okuthatha. Kwenzeka into efanayo ngengcamango yoothixo bangaphambi kweSpanishi, nangona inamagama ahlukeneyo.
Enye into enokuthi igxininiswe malunga noothixo bangaphambi kwe-Hispanic inento yokwenza nokwakheka kwabo ngokomzimba, oko kukuthi, indalo yabo. Iinkcubeko ezininzi zinesithethe sokuchaza oothixo bazo zombini iimpawu zomntu nezilwanyana, kwaye abanye bakhetha nje into engabonakaliyo. Enye ingongoma ekufuneka inikwe ingqwalasela eninzi bubumbini boothixo.
Akuyomfihlo nakubani na ukuba ngokufuthi uthixo okanye uthixo ofanayo unokubonisa imbonakalo yobudoda neyobufazi ngaxeshanye, enika isithuba sokwandiswa koothixo ukuze kuchazwe kwabo kuthiwa ngoothixo besibini.
Oothixo basePrehispanic
Ukutyhubela imbali bekukho oothixo abaninzi bangaphambi kweSpanishi abaziwayo, kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba kukhankanywe ngamnye kubo. Ngeso sizathu besifuna ukunazisa ngezona zithixo zibalulekileyo nezibalaseleyo zangaphambi kweSpanishi ebeziyinxalenye yeenkolelo neenkcubeko zabantu abaninzi bamandulo.
Kwiintsomi zaseMexica, oothixo abaninzi bangaphambi kweSpanishi ababaluleke kakhulu banokufunyanwa, nangona kunjalo, uthixo u-Huitzilopochtli uyamangalisa, abaninzi abathi "i-hummingbird yasezantsi" kwaye ngubani ochongwa ngokuthe ngqo nelanga.
Kwintsomi yamaMayan oothixo abaninzi bangaphambi kweSpanish nabo bagqama, kodwa omnye oyena ubalulekileyo nguthixo uHun Ab Ku, olingana noyena thixo ugqithileyo kule nkcubeko, ukhawulwa njengomntu ongabonakaliyo kunye nesininzi sabemi. abantu bale nkcubeko babemnqula bemnqula.
Kwelakhe icala, uthixo uTezcatlipoca ugqalwa njengoyena thixo ubalulekileyo nobalaseleyo ngaphambi kweSpanishi kwiintsomi zaseToltec. Esi sithixo sinezinto ezininzi ezisixhasayo, umzekelo ubumbini baso kunye nobukhulu obugqithisileyo, nto leyo esenza sahluke kwezinye izithixo zale ntsomi.
Ekugqibeleni sinokukhankanya intsomi yaseZapotec, apho oothixo abaninzi bangaphambi kweSpanishi nabo bavelele. Ukuthetha ngale nkcubeko kukubhekisa ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwinkqubo yenkolelo enobuThixo abathathu abaphambili abamele imiba edityaniswe nezinyanya kunye nabo baphethe ukuvelisa.
Oothixo bangaphambi kweSpanishi kunye nezithethe zabo
Kwiinkcubeko zamandulo kwakukho izithethe ezininzi kunye nezithethe ezazinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo noothixo bangaphambi kweSpanishi. Nangona kunzima ukuqonda, xa kuthethwa ngoothixo bangaphambi kwexesha leSpeyin, ngokuyimfuneko kumele ukuba kukhankanywe amadini ngabantu, ekubeni babeyinxalenye yezithethe ezazisenziwa ngabantu njengomqondiso wokunqula nokunqula izithixo zabo.
Kwimibhiyozo eyenziwayo, kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukubona amadini ngabantu. Ezi ntlobo zezithethe zazigqalwa njengowona mzekelo mkhulu wonxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu noothixo. Ukongezelela, alinakulibala ukuba igazi laligqalwa njengolwelo olufanelekileyo lokuhlonela ezi zithixo.
Abo babekhokela okanye bakhokela ezi zithethe yayingababingeleli, ababephethe lo msitho. Babenelitye elikhethekileyo lamadini abantu ababesiza kulo ngokuzithandela okanye ngokunyanzelwa ukuba banikele ngegazi labo egameni lothixo onyuliweyo.
Imibingelelo yabantu kunye nokuphalazwa kwegazi kwakuyinxalenye yezithethe eziphambili okanye izithethe ezazisenziwa ukuze kuzukiswe oothixo bangaphambi kweSpanishi, nangona kunjalo zazikho nezinye iindlela zokunqula izithixo zakudala. Abemi bezi nkcubeko baye babhenela kumaqhinga amaninzi ukuze bakholise oothixo babo baze baqinisekise ukuba bahlala bekhululekile ngalo lonke ixesha.
Oothixo abakhulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi kunye neempawu zabo
Kule nxalenye yenqaku lethu siza kukwazisa kwezinye zezona zithixo ziphambili kunye nezona zibalulekileyo zangaphambi kweSpanishi kwimbali. Ukongeza uya kuba nako ukwazi ezinye iimpawu zayo, amasiko, imvelaphi kunye nembali.
Kukulcan
Kwintsomi yamaMaya igqalwa njengenye yezona zithixo zibalulekileyo nezaziwayo. IKukulkan ineemfano nebizwa ngokuba yiNyoka Eneentsiba, uthixo ohlelo lwakhe lolona lubalaseleyo eMesoamerica. Lo thixo unxulumene kakhulu nomoya kunye namanzi. Igama kwiYucatec Maya lingaguqulelwa njenge "Inyoka Eneentsiba".
Sijongene nesithixo sezithixo zaseMayan. Ukufana kwakhe okungenakuphikiswa kwinyoka ephothiweyo, isithixo esikhoyo kwihlelo labantu abahlukeneyo baseMesoamerican, kwenza uKukulkan abe ngomnye wezithixo ezibaluleke kakhulu zamaMaya. Kuthiwa usoloko ephambi kothixo uChaac, uthixo wemvula.
Xochiquetzal
Omnye wezithixo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezikhoyo kwiinkcubeko ezininzi zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic ngokuchanekileyo i-Xochiquétzal, echazwe njengonkulunkulukazi wobuhle nothando, nangona kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba, kuxhomekeke kwinkcubeko, unokufumana amagama ahlukeneyo.
Kwintsomi yama-Aztec ichazwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo. Babhekisela kulo thixokazi ngokuthi "intyatyambo exabisekileyo", ehlobene ngokusondeleyo nenyanga, ukuchuma, ukuzonwabisa, inkanuko kunye nokukhuselwa kweentombi. Ngokuqhelekileyo umelwe kumzimba wesetyhini ohlotshiswe ngentloko ye-quetzal.
Uthixokazi uXochiquétzal utsalela ingqalelo kwiimpawu zakhe zobufazi. Uhlala onwabile kwaye egcwele ubomi. Ngokutsho kwentsomi, kukholelwa ukuba esi sithixo sazalwa ngoboya bothixokazi ongumama. Uninzi lwabakhwenyana nabathandanayo lunxulunyaniswa naye kwaye kuthiwa wayezinyaswa ngabasetyhini kuphela ngenjongo yokuphepha ukubonwa ngamadoda awayezama ukumkhokelela ekuhendweni.
I-Coatlicue
Ngokubanzi, lo thixokazi waseMexica unxulunyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo nemiba efana nokuzala kunye nokuba ngumama. Oku kunjalo ngenxa yeenkolelo ezininzi zendabuko apho i-Coatlicue ichazwa njengonina kaHuitzilopochtli. Ngeso sizathu ikwanxulunyaniswa neNtombi Enyulu uMariya.
Uninzi lwabo baye bafunda ukumelwa kwakhe, njengoSamuel Martín ovela kwiZiko loPhando lwe-Aesthetic ye-UNAM, baye banxulumanisa uthixokazi u-Coatlicue kunye "nomgaqo-siseko wobufazi, owamkelayo kunye nonokubakho kwindalo yonke", oku, ngokutsho echazwe nguMarin, ithetha okungakumbi “kunokuzala kukanina, ubuninzi, uxolo noxolo”:
Omnye wabalinganiswa ababhekiselele kuthixokazi uCoatlicue wayengumbhali-mbali owaziwayo uAlfredo López Austín, owathi kwinqaku lakhe elithi "Ubuso boothixo baseMesoamerican" bachaza lo thixo ngokuthi "enye yezona zinto zibonakaliswa ngamandla ukuba ukufa Kungumvelisi wobomi.
Lo thixo udla ngokubuzwa ngezinto ezininzi, kungekuphela nje ukuzikhusela nothando, kodwa nokuzalwa ngokutsha nobulumko, ngakumbi ukuqonda iimeko ezinjengokufa, ukwazi ukuba ukufa sisiqalo esitsha.
Huitzilopochtli
Uthixo uHuitzilopochtli uchazwa njengoyena thixo ubalulekileyo ababenabo abantu baseMexico. Esi sithixo sasinxulumene neLanga, isiphithiphithi kunye nemfazwe. UFray Diego Durán weza kubhekisa kulo thixo ngomsebenzi wakhe othi "Imbali ye-Indies yaseNew Spain kunye neZiqithi zaseTierra Firme", apho eqaqambisa ezinye zeempawu zakhe eziphambili.
Ngokutsho kweentsomi zaseMexica, u-Huitzilopochtli wayephethe umyalelo wokumisela isiseko seTenochtitlán, kwindawo apho ukhozi lwafunyanwa khona kwi-nopal, ludla inyoka. Ngokutsho kwababhali abaninzi, igama lo thixo lithetha "i-hummingbird yasekhohlo", nto leyo ebonisa ukuba uthixo unamacala amabini.
Cinteotl
Ngokutsho komphandi uJohanna Broda ubonisa ngenqaku lakhe elithi "Iimfundiso kunye nezithixo zomjikelo wezolimo", eyapapashwa kwiphephancwadi Archaeology Mexicana, kwihlelo laseMexico laliqhelekile ukuba izinto ezimelwe ngoothixo zityhileke zibe zizithixo ezininzi, ezinxulumene omnye komnye, nangona ngamagama ahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokumelwa.
Kwimeko yalo thixo wangaphambi kwexesha lamaSpanishi owayesaziwa ngokuba nguCintéotl, inkoliso yabantu yathi “nguthixo wombona ovuthiweyo.” Lo thixo wayenxulunyaniswa nothixokazi wombona ogama linguChicomecóatl, owathi kwangaxeshanye wabumba ubathathu emnye noothixokazi uHalchiuhtlicue noHuixtocíhuatl.
chack
Ukuba kukho uthixo ongumfuziselo kwi-pantheon yaseMayan, nguthixo kanye uChac. Oku kuqinisekiswa ngu-Ernesto de la Torre ngomsebenzi wakhe othi "ukufundwa kwembali yaseMexico". Lo thixo unxulumene ngokuthe ngqo namanzi, amafu, imvula kunye nezolimo. Ngokutsho kukade la Torre, yayinguthixo onamacala amane yaye wayexhasa izulu kwiindawo ezine ezibalaseleyo.
Ngesi sizathu, abantu bahlala becela uthixo uChac ukuba akhuseleke kutshintsho lwemozulu. Ngokukwanjalo, bamcela ukuba abakhusele kwiimvula ezikhukulayo nakwimbalela ebeka esichengeni izilwanyana zasekhaya. Inxalenye yedini abamele balenze abo banqula lo thixo kukunyamekela imeko-bume nendalo.
K'inich Ajaw
Umphandi owaziwayo kwiYunivesithi yaseGuadalajara, uLaura Ibarra García, ubonisa ukuba oothixo benkcubeko yamaMaya banokuphembelela abaninzi, kodwa kunye nokubi. Omnye waba thixo bangalunganga nguK`inich Ajaw, ochazwa njengothixo weLanga.
Lo thixo wayesoyikwa kakhulu “ngokutshisa izityalo”, waphinda wachazwa njengoyena nobangela wokukhupha imbalela enkulu. Nangona impembelelo embi, kwangaxeshanye wayephawulwa ngeempawu zakhe ezintle, umzekelo wayehlonitshwa ngokuzalisa ihlabathi kunye nobomi ngokukhanya nokufudumala kusasa.
Inokugqalwa njengesipho sikathixo sobabini. Abanye ababhali baqinisekisa ukuba ebusuku lo thixo wajika waba yijaguar waza wehla waya kwelabafileyo, ngelixa emini uzibonakalisa njengamandla ocwangco kunye nobubele. Ujike waba yijaguar, unxulunyaniswa nobusuku, imfazwe nokufa.
ek yhu
U-Amalia Attolini, umphandi obalaseleyo, ubonisa ukuba uthixo u-Ek Chuah unguthixo wamaMaya wekoko kunye nabarhwebi. Ngokwamazwi akhe:
"AmaMayans akhulela ukuziphilisa njengeshishini elihlangeneyo, apho umntu, indalo kunye noothixo badityaniswa ngamabhondi okubuyelana."
Ngaphakathi kwenkcubeko yamaMaya, kwakuyisiko ukwenza amasiko amaninzi anxulumene nokutya kunye norhwebo. Kuninzi lwala masiko uthixo u-Ek Chuah wayedla ngokuvela kwaye itshokolethi yayinxiliswa ngembeko yakhe.
Usenokuba nomdla kula manqaku alandelayo: